February 1998 Gasification Archive

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Mon Feb 2 11:36:27 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: WWW.WEBPAN.COM/BEF
Message-ID: <199802021141_MC2-3193-47D1@compuserve.com>

Dear Thomas:

To find my gasification database, just type in the address on your browser
line as (at most)

html:// WWW.WEBPAN.COM/BEF

(Probably don't need the httm://)

I have not yet listed my page with the search engines, so that's why you
didn't find it.

If you or any others have a problem finding it, please let me know asap.

Yours truly, TOM REED

>I was naturally interested in your "Database of Biomass Gasification"
but have been unable to find WWW.WEBPAN.COM/BEF via "Infoseek", through
which I immediately find "gasification-list-archive".

Am I looking in the wrong place? Perhaps others are having the same
difficulty.

From a_evald at vip.cybercity.dk Tue Feb 3 02:55:30 1998
From: a_evald at vip.cybercity.dk (Anders Evald)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: Small gasifier
Message-ID: <01BD3032.AC244C80@msx-07-1-8.1033.cybercity.dk>

I sent the remark below to the list on December 30. 1997. It was never answered, so if you recieve it this time mr. Nas de Tourris, would you be so kind as to eleborate a little on your products. I'm sure that quite a few members of Bioenergy Mail List and Gasification Mail List are interested in data on commercially available gasification systems.

Anders Evald, Denmark

------------
30. December 1997

Dear Dr. Olivier de Nas de Tourris

I'd very interested in some details about your reference in Denmark. Also please state references for your company, and please give some details about the technology. Thank you.

Anders Evald

Centre of Biomass Technology
dk-TEKNIK
Denmark

From VOS.BTG at ct.utwente.nl Tue Feb 3 06:46:55 1998
From: VOS.BTG at ct.utwente.nl (John Vos)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: GASIFICATION DATABASE: LAST CHECK
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19980203114852.0071a7b4@utct.CT.UTWENTE.NL>

At 11:56 AM 1/31/98 -0500, you wrote:
>Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V;278 0560 F; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
>1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
>The Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>Dear 'Everyone involved with gasification, particularly those who are or
>think they should be included in our new "Survey of Biomass Gasification"
>book':

Dear Thomas,

I have substantial feedback on your various database files,
which will take me a while to formulate. I will get back to
you on this as soon as time allows (i.e. later this week).

John Vos
BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V.
c/o University of Twente, Room CT-1779
Hallenweg, 7522 NB Enschede
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede
The Netherlands

Tel: +31-53-4894491 (direct)
Fax: +31-53-4893116
Email: vos.btg@ct.utwente.nl (direct)
Internet: btg.ct.utwente.nl

From tmiles at teleport.com Tue Feb 3 19:57:09 1998
From: tmiles at teleport.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Activated Carbon from Wood in the US
Message-ID: <3.0.32.19980203170131.015375b8@mail.teleport.com>

For several years we have been told that there are no activated carbon
markets from wood in the US. However, based on a conversation today with
someoone in the business, there apparently is such a market and a growing
demand for powdered (200 mesh) activated carbon from wood for purifying
driking water. I am told that it is sold in 55lb bags or 1000lb supersacks
for $0.32 to $0.42/lb.

Does anyone else have anything to contribute about these markets?

Tom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas R. Miles tmiles@teleport.com
Technical Consultants, Inc. Tel (503) 646-1198
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax (503) 605-0208
Portland, Oregon, USA 97225

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 6 08:12:38 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Garbage-to-power costs.
Message-ID: <199802060817_MC2-3234-1E43@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Mr. Hauserman:

I am forwarding your request to the members of GASIFICATION at CREST. Come
of them may be interested.

Yours truly, TOM REED

MEssage text written by INTERNET:hauserman@corpcomm.net
>Sender: hauserman@corpcomm.net
Subject: Garbage-to-power costs.
Date: Mon, 2 Feb 1998 21:05:33 -0600

To: Tom Reed -

Dear Mr. Reed-

I'm a consultant, working w/ a promising waste gasifier
manufacturer,
trying to develop some export business. What I need is to sompare the cost
of gasifying MSW, closely coupled with a steam boiler, with simply
mass-burning it directly. I have the costs for the gasification option, in
considerable detail. So, what I'm looking for is some/any publicly
available report giving a cost breakdown on a conventional mass-burning
steam power system, in at least 2 capacity levels, for sizes up to 800
Tons/day.

Do you know where I might lay my hands on such asn item??

Many thanks.

William B.
Hauserman, PE
<

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 6 08:12:41 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Activated Carbon from Wood in the US
Message-ID: <199802060817_MC2-3234-1E46@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Tom et al:

Activated charcoal (iodine number >800) sells for >$1,000/ton and there is
a lot sold in the U.S. However, the makers are all very secretive and
protect the market share, so it is hard to get hard info on activated
charcoal. You might chat with Bill Ayres (williea@primenet.com) who was
positioned to make charcoal for awhile and cracked the info wall.

TOM REED

Message text written by INTERNET:gasification@crest.org
>
For several years we have been told that there are no activated carbon
markets from wood in the US. However, based on a conversation today with
someoone in the business, there apparently is such a market and a growing
demand for powdered (200 mesh) activated carbon from wood for purifying
driking water. I am told that it is sold in 55lb bags or 1000lb supersacks
for $0.32 to $0.42/lb.

Does anyone else have anything to contribute about these markets?

Tom
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Thomas R. Miles tmiles@teleport.com
Technical Consultants, Inc. Tel (503) 646-1198
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax (503) 605-0208
<

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 6 08:25:07 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Charcoal Production
Message-ID: <199802060830_MC2-3234-1E3D@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Russell:

I am forwarding your plant information to the GASIFICATION and STOVE groups
of quest, where there is interest in charcoal.

Yours truly, Tom Reed
~~~~
Message text written by "young"
>
Greetings-
Would any of this be of interest to you? This may or may not be an
area pertaining to your interests. I see
your posts on the crest group. I'm trying to find the market for a
charcoal manufacturing plant in Chetopa, Kansas. Here is the
information. Are you interested or can you steer me to anyone who
might be?
Thanks for your help.

We have a complete operational charcoal briquette manufacturing plant
with a practical operating capacity of 6 tons per 8 hour work shift.

approx. 200 Tons of bagged charcoal briquettes

1-1 ton per hour continuous commercial dryer, 2 million BTU per hour,
operates very well.
priced @ $62,500.

3-80 cord beehive kilns
1-separator (new belts)
1-12 inch auger(new belts)
1-3 ton rough storage bin and auger
1-auger to hammermill
1-Jeffrey's pulverizer/hammermill
1-Auger from hammermill to fines bin(new belts)
1-1.5 ton fines bin
1-auger to mixer
1-starch feeder (bin and auger)
1-mixer/pug mill (20 hp motor)(new main bearing and chain, oil changed
in gearbox July 1997
1-belt conveyor to briquette press
1-briquette press capacity 1.5 tons per hr.
1-chain conveyor to dryer
1-chain conveyor from dryer to bucket elevator
1-bucket elevator(new chain and motor rewound July, 1997)
1-25 ton storage bin with Syntron vibrator feeder
1-weighpacker
1-bag closer with Union Special 60,0000 D sewing head totally rebuilt
in May 1997
Thread and closing tape
1-moisture testing machine
Excluding the dryer, the above are for sale for $70,000.

These are all located in Chetopa, Kansas

Also -
8 acres of property
5,000 sq.ft. production area
30,000 sq.ft. warehouse with 3 loading dock.
$80,000 for real estate

You may email me at young@micoks.net or call at 785.869.2143.

Russell Davis
Owner
American Charcoal Works Inc.

From arcate at email.msn.com Fri Feb 6 15:14:55 1998
From: arcate at email.msn.com (Jim Arcate)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: NREL Technology Characterizations
Message-ID: <0851d5419200628UPIMSSMTPUSR03@email.msn.com>

Gasification Discussion Group:

Did you notice that the "Technology Characterizations" have been taken off
the web.

Per Kevin Craig at NREL: those on the web were drafts and EPRI is now
selling the finals (EPRI TR-109496) for $50. EPRI was a legitimate partner
in review & finalization, and did the printing. The $50 probably covers
production & distribution costs.

I told Craig I think that anyone who wants a hard copy should pay for it.
But a Web version for the world to share should also be available, just like
all the other valuable information NREL has on the web.

Maybe members could ask NREL to put it back up, e.g., after their limited
supply of $50 finals are sold.

Jim Arcate

From CraigK at tcplink.nrel.gov Fri Feb 6 15:38:39 1998
From: CraigK at tcplink.nrel.gov (Craig, Kevin)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: RE: NREL (actually DOE/EPRI) Technology Characterizations
Message-ID: <199802062038.PAA02083@solstice.crest.org>

Greetings all.

Just to clear up a minor misunderstanding. NREL doesn't have any
TC's
for sale. EPRI has them available through their usual publication
channel:

EPRI Distribution Center
207 Coggins Dr.
P.O. Box 23205
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
(510) 934-4212

The copyright on the publication is joint between EPRI and DOE.
There
is a note in the report under "Ordering Information" that states
"unlimited copying permissible."

I will try to determine if "unlimited copying" applies to
electronic
forms as well. If so, we will try to get an electronic copy of at
least the biomass portion to post on the Biopower website.

Thanks for your interest.

Kevin

______________________________ Reply Separator
_________________________________
Subject: NREL Technology Characterizations
Author: Jim Arcate [SMTP:arcate@email.msn.com] at SMTP
Date: 2/6/98 1:16 PM

Gasification Discussion Group:

Did you notice that the "Technology Characterizations" have been taken
off
the web.

Per Kevin Craig at NREL: those on the web were drafts and EPRI is now
selling the finals (EPRI TR-109496) for $50. EPRI was a legitimate
partner
in review & finalization, and did the printing. The $50 probably covers
production & distribution costs.

I told Craig I think that anyone who wants a hard copy should pay for
it.
But a Web version for the world to share should also be available, just
like
all the other valuable information NREL has on the web.

Maybe members could ask NREL to put it back up, e.g., after their
limited
supply of $50 finals are sold.

Jim Arcate

From ecfujd at slt.lk Sat Feb 7 00:59:16 1998
From: ecfujd at slt.lk (Energy Conservation Fund)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Wood Gas Stove
Message-ID: <199802070604.MAA04661@lakdiva.slt.lk>

Attn: Dr. Alex English

Our organization called the Energy Conservation Fund of the Sri Lanka
government, is entrusted with the task of identifying and promoting energy
efficient projects in Sri Lanka. In this respect, we wish to promote the
Wood Gas Stove developed by The Biomass Energy Foundation. We read about
this stove in the "Energy for Sustainable Development - Volume II No. 2.
July 1996" issue.

We shall be very much thankful to you if arrangements are made to obtain
detailed drawings of this stove so that we could take necessary steps to
promote the use of this stove in the many millions of households in Sri Lanka.

Please advice me on the method of acquiring a set of drawings of this stove.

You may send a reply by e-mail to: ecfujd@slt.lk

P.G.Joseph
General Manager
Energy Conservation Fund
Room 2-203, BMICH
Baudhaloka Mawatha,
Colombo 7,
Sri Lanka.

From tmiles at teleport.com Sun Feb 8 15:21:05 1998
From: tmiles at teleport.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Bioenergy Email Lists and Commands
Message-ID: <3.0.32.19980208122507.009fb528@mail.teleport.com>

BIOENERGY EMAIL LISTS

The bioenergy mailing lists are hosted by the Center for Renewable Energy &
Sustainable Technologies(CREST) for industry, academia and government to
discuss biomass production and conversion to energy. There are five lists
at CREST.

o Bioenergy <bioenergy@crest.org>
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Archive:
<http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/bioenergy-list-archive/>
Digest: bioenergy-digest@crest.org

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Moderators: Thomas Reed <REEDTB@compuserve.com>
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Digest: gasification-digest@crest.org

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas R. Miles tmiles@teleport.com
Technical Consultants, Inc. Tel (503) 646-1198
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax (503) 605-0208
Portland, Oregon, USA 97225

From edtiger at users.unitel.co.kr Sun Feb 8 23:00:57 1998
From: edtiger at users.unitel.co.kr (Kim Dong-Pill)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Gasification with Plasma Arc
Message-ID: <34DF729C.6D9D@users.unitel.co.kr>

Hello All,
I have been suffing this gasification list, founding this is a very
useful to me. I think There must be someone who can answere my question.
I am a korean, envolved in environmental engineering. I am working on
conceptual design for waste treatment facility. I am much
interested in "MSW gasification with Plasma Arc". There's something
confusing to me, which is heat balance. Net heating value of waste is
Lower Heating Value, I know. But in several books, they are using Higher
Heating Value. For heat output, the enthalphy of steam in gases is the
sum of sensible heat and latent heat. it can be calculated with specific
heat of steam with temperature range, 0 - 900(for instance) and latent
heat of steam, 584 kcal/kg. The enthalphy of steam must have include
these two kinds of heat, regardless that lower heating value or higher
heating value is used. right?
well, I wanna know some specific procedure of heat balance setting.
would you help me? Give me some resoulution about this, please.

By the way, How can I get conference proceedings on internet? Those
conference proceedings have several articles I wanna and need to
read. But I can't found them on the web. Do you know How I can find
those documents on web and get them downloaded? Please let me know the
HOW.

Have a nice day!!!

From retsas at ait.ac.th Sun Feb 8 23:12:14 1998
From: retsas at ait.ac.th (RETs in ASIa)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Wood Gas Stove
Message-ID: <Pine.OSF.3.96.980209110652.21867A-100000@alphaserv.ait.ac.th>

Attn: Dr. Alex English

The Asian Institute of Technology is currently conducting A Regional
Research and Dissemination on Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs). In
this regard, may we request you to send us a copy of the 'Energy for
Sustainable Development - Vol II No. 2 July 1996' issue.

We would also like to obtain detailed drawings of the wood gas stove
developed by the Biomass Energy Foundation which has been published in the
above journal.

Please advice on how can we get a copy of the drawings. Kindly send to the
address below.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely,

Prof. S.C. Bhattacharya
RETs in Asia Coordinator
Energy Program
Asian Institute of Technology
P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
Fax: (66-2) 524-5439
Tel: (66-2) 524-5418
Email: retsas@ait.ac.th

From guincho at ctv.es Tue Feb 10 04:12:26 1998
From: guincho at ctv.es (Fidel Castro Lorenzo)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: BIOMASS GAS-L (SYNGAS)
Message-ID: <000201bd3604$62b46300$8bdae0c2@10.0.1.1.inf>

Serious business offer.My
company studies to install energy power plant for biomass of urban solid
remains, BIOMASS GAS - L(SYNGAS).In Spain no company
is installing this technology at present .Possibility of
business.

Look forward to receiving your
comments.
Best regards.Fidel Castro
L..
guincho@ctv.es

From guincho at ctv.es Tue Feb 10 04:24:34 1998
From: guincho at ctv.es (Fidel Castro Lorenzo)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: RV: BIOMASS GAS-L (SYNGAS)
Message-ID: <000201bd3606$17013260$34dae0c2@10.0.1.1.inf>

Serious business offer.My
company studies to install energy power plant for biomass of MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE, BIOMASS GAS - L (SYNGAS).In Spain no
company is installing this technology at present .Possibility of
business.

Look forward to receiving your
comments.
Best regards.Fidel Castro
L..
guincho@ctv.es

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Tue Feb 10 08:06:44 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Microturbines, Natural biomass creation
Message-ID: <199802100811_MC2-32B2-FF4F@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Edan:

You said:
>
Thanks for your last call request. Out little
microturbine-coupled-to-a-gasifier project is making good progress and we
may
have a prototype running this year!! Still looking for funds. You
wouldn't
have a couple of million dollars lying around, would you?

I am very interested (and so is Community Power and NREL) in SMALL
gasifiers (10-25 kWe) for villages and small industries. Can you send me a
precis of where you hope to be in a year when we have the gasifier ready?
(I'll distribute to the rest of us.)
~~~~
You asked:

>I am looking for data on the whole biomass cycle through the eons.

Specifically:

* How much of the sun's energy goes into trees/ The earth? The ocean?
What
is the conversion efficiency of sunlight hitting a tree?

I can speak generally to these questions, and anything more is very site
specific. The MAXIMUM solar to biomass conversion possible is about 13%,
since only a limited portion of the solar spectrum fits biomass needs.

The practical levels of solar to biomass are 1 ton/ha (low water, bad
species, low sun....) to 25 ton/ha (selected species, fertilization, water
and sun).

* How many kilocalories of trees does it take to make one kilocalorie of
coal?
Oil? Natural gas?

Again, site specific. Typically microorganisms eat the cellulose and
hemicellulose portions of biomass and leave the lignin, about 25%, making
peat bogs. Subsidence converts these to gas/oil/coal, but requires the
correct geological accidents to preserve the products before they
evaporate/oxidize.

So, from the few billion years of solar energy biomass only a few thousand
have been preserved for us and we will use them up in a few hundred. Then,
ON TO BIOMASS.

Waiting, waiting.... TOM REED

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Tue Feb 10 08:07:21 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: NREL Technology Characterizations
Message-ID: <199802100812_MC2-32B2-FF5B@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Jim Arcate and Gasification:

I was very glad to read the "Technology Characterizations" on the web site
and am sorry to hear that they have been taken off.

I am also surprised that they are being sold for $50. I sell 200-300 page
books on gasification for $25, xeroxed 15-20 at a time with nice bindings.

Maybe they are trying to pay salary out of publication costs?

The Federal Government in general has a terible publication policy. They
are willing to spend $100k to $2 M on a project, then print up <200 copies
for distribution, mostly to their friends. The WWW now gives them a change
to change this policy, but they are moving in the opposite direction at
$50/copy.

Personally, I have no desire to read a 100 page report on the WWW - or to
print it out - or to pay $50/each. However, no one said this was a perfect
world, but it keeps improving.

I hope they will put them back on the www.

Regards, TOM REED

PS (After second note) Glad to know where they are available.
~~~~
Message text written by INTERNET:gasification@crest.org
>Gasification Discussion Group:

Did you notice that the "Technology Characterizations" have been taken off
the web.

I told Craig I think that anyone who wants a hard copy should pay for it.
But a Web version for the world to share should also be available, just
like
all the other valuable information NREL has on the web.

Maybe members could ask NREL to put it back up, e.g., after their limited
supply of $50 finals are sold.

Jim Arcate
<
Just to clear up a minor misunderstanding. NREL doesn't have any
TC's
for sale. EPRI has them available through their usual publication
channel:

EPRI Distribution Center
207 Coggins Dr.
P.O. Box 23205
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
(510) 934-4212

The copyright on the publication is joint between EPRI and DOE.
There
is a note in the report under "Ordering Information" that states
"unlimited copying permissible."

I will try to determine if "unlimited copying" applies to
electronic
forms as well. If so, we will try to get an electronic copy of at
least the biomass portion to post on the Biopower website.

Thanks for your interest.

Kevin

From thermogenics at worldnet.att.net Tue Feb 10 10:53:00 1998
From: thermogenics at worldnet.att.net (Steve Brand)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: BIOMASS GAS-L (SYNGAS)
Message-ID: <01bd363d$320475e0$02a6410c@steve>

Dear Sr. Lorenzo:

This is Thermogenics, Inc. of Albuquerque, New Mexico USA.
Please take a moment to look at our web site at <A
href="http://www.thermogenics.com">http://www.thermogenics.com If the
information is of value to you, we would be happy to discuss your specific needs
and to send you additional information.

Regards,

Stephen C. Brand
Vice President
Thermogenics, Inc.
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 solid 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">
-----Original Message-----From:
Fidel Castro Lorenzo <<A
href="mailto:guincho@ctv.es">guincho@ctv.es>To: <A
href="mailto:gasification@crest.org">gasification@crest.org <<A
href="mailto:gasification@crest.org">gasification@crest.org>Date:
Tuesday, February 10, 1998 2:23 AMSubject: GAS-L: BIOMASS
GAS-L (SYNGAS)
Serious business
offer.My company studies to install energy power plant
for biomass of urban solid remains, BIOMASS GAS -
L(SYNGAS).In Spain no company is installing this
technology at present .Possibility of business.

Look forward to receiving your
comments.
Best regards.Fidel Castro
L..
<A
href="mailto:guincho@ctv.es">guincho@ctv.es

From loiselle at dinonet1.dinonet.it Tue Feb 10 13:10:18 1998
From: loiselle at dinonet1.dinonet.it (loiselle@dinonet1.dinonet.it)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: NREL Technology Characterizations
In-Reply-To: <199802100812_MC2-32B2-FF5B@compuserve.com>
Message-ID: <19980210182358140.AAA244@loiselle>

Dear gasification group,

I also am saddened to find valuable information taken off the web,
(NREL Technology Characterizations) and by those who could be
facilitating the work of people exploring biomass technology.

As a question to the group, are there any suggestions on gasification
books (technical manuals or conference proceedings) that are
particularly informative and can be ordered from abroad, perhaps with
particular reference to small gasification to energy plants.

Thank you for any information,

Steven
Dott. STEVEN LOISELLE
UNIV. di SIENA
Dept. of Chemical & Biosystem Sciences
Pian dei Mantellini 44
53100 Siena - Italy
tel +39 577 298022
fax +39 577 298004

From greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com Wed Feb 11 03:27:22 1998
From: greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com (GLR)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: VIRUS WARNIG
Message-ID: <01BD36C7.66F49A20@ad012.du.pipex.com>

VIRUS WARNING !!!!!!

If you receive an email titled "JOIN THE CREW" DO NOT open it.
It will erase everything on your hard drive. Forward this letter out
to as many people as you can. This is a new, very malicious virus and
not many people know about it. This information was announced
yesterday morning from IBM; please share it with everyone that might
access the internet. Once again, pass this along to EVERYONE in your
address book so that this may be stopped. Also, do not open or even
look at any mail that says "RETURNED OR UNABLE TO DELIVERY" This virus
will attach itself to your computer components and render them
useless. Immediately delete any mail items that say this. AOL has said
that this is a very dangerous virus and that there is NO remedy for it
at this time. Please practice cautionary measures and forward this to
all your online friends ASAP.

Kind regards
Jerry Boezel
Manager, WW Marketing, Large Systems Storage
Storage Systems Division
5600 Cottle Road, San Jose, CA 95193 USA; dept. P22/010 office 426
Phone (408) 256 5007, Fax (408) 256 7821. Secretary: Sue Peres at (408) 256
5063 or IBMUSM51(SUEPERES)

From greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com Wed Feb 11 05:00:27 1998
From: greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com (GLR)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: RE: VIRUS WARNING
Message-ID: <01BD36D4.7A875CA0@ag206.du.pipex.com>

The virus warning posted earlier appears to be a Hoax.

Please ignore.

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Wed Feb 11 08:02:36 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: The "Herreschoff" furnace
Message-ID: <199802110807_MC2-32DF-C1D0@compuserve.com>

Thomas B. Reed; 303 278 0558 V; ReedTB@Compuserve.Com;
Colorado School of Mines & The Biomass Energy (non-profit)Foundation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dear Ron et al:

For your information, the Herreschoff charcoal furnace is also knows as a
"rotary hearth retort. It is a large cylindrical heated vessel with many
horizontal plates and arms that sweep the wood to the edge, then the center
at each higher temperature level. They have one at Hazen Research (44th
and Indiana) that you can rent.

You can read about it and all other aspects of commercial charcoal making
in "industrial Charcoal Making", FAO Forestry Paper #63, 1985, 133 pages,
probably available in the U.S. at the U.N. (Will someone check out UN at
WWW?). Cost probably $10.

I recommend this to all interested in charcoal.

Regards, TOM REED

From kgainer at iwaynet.net Wed Feb 11 10:06:40 1998
From: kgainer at iwaynet.net (Kevin Karl Gainer)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:30 2004
Subject: GAS-L: JOIN THE CREW
Message-ID: <199802111510.KAA15188@mailbox.iwaynet.net>

STOP!! CLOSE YOUR EYES!! ABSOLUTELY DO NOT READ!!

This is the dreaded Join the Crew virus...IF you read this e-mail, all of
the info on your hard drive will disappear into oblivion. Also, just by
opening this e-mail, all of the hair on the left side of your head will fall
out prematurely and your memory of words that begin with the letter "v" will
be permanently erased.

regards,

K. Gainer
Energy Magazine

From jj1 at mailgate.nyserda.org Wed Feb 11 10:38:49 1998
From: jj1 at mailgate.nyserda.org (Judy Jarnefeld)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Hoax virus
Message-ID: <9802118872.AA887211393@mailgate.nyserda.org>

This virus is a hoax, and so are most others. Please do not forward
these chain letter spams to others without checking on either an
official government virus site or your computer administrator.

Judy Jarnefeld
Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
286 Washington Ave. Ext.
Corporate Plaza West
Albany, NY 12203-6399
518-862-1090 ext. 3293
jj1@nyserda.org

______________________________ Reply Separator _________________________________
Subject: VIRUS WARNIG
Author: GLR <greenland2.glr@dial.pipex.com> at Internet
Date: 02/11/98 08:29 AM

VIRUS WARNING !!!!!!

From jstrange at arkansas.net Wed Feb 11 18:56:04 1998
From: jstrange at arkansas.net (James Strange)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: thermocouples
In-Reply-To: <199802110807_MC2-32DF-C1D0@compuserve.com>
Message-ID: <34E380C5.7556@arkansas.net>

I am looking for advice on thermocouples used in gasifiers. Ours do not
last very long if someone has had good luck with any type please let me
know.

James

From Anekie at cssrv.utech.edu.jm Thu Feb 12 15:46:49 1998
From: Anekie at cssrv.utech.edu.jm (Anekie Alwayne)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
Message-ID: <3.0.2.32.19980212155407.0068a254@cssrv.utech.edu.jm>

I am a student at the University of Technolgy, Jamaica and seeking info.
on the Open Top (core) Wood Gasifier. I am presently in the third year
(final) where a group of us are undertaking a major project. we choose to
do the gasifier which seem to be a very feasible idea, however presently
we are lacking information on dimensions, cleaning and cooling system,
types of materials otherwise from wood chips that can be gasified, safety
and other critical information for a "simple and low cost model."
If you have any info. on the open-core gasifier (3.7 KWh or other in its
class) please send or forward to listings of the sites were this
information can be harnested.[ A. S. A. P.] Your efforts would be greatful.

ps. Tried other sites and was unsuccessful "WE ARE COUNTING ON YOU"

Thanks in advance
NIK.

From hauserman at corpcomm.net Thu Feb 12 16:58:24 1998
From: hauserman at corpcomm.net (William B. Hauserman)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
Message-ID: <199802122204.QAA29613@ns1.corpcomm.net>

Anekie-
The gasifier you describe sounds like one that has been developed in
India, that I've heard some good words about. For full information, you
should contact Professor Mukunda, in Bangalore, at <
mukunda@aero.iisc.ernet.in >
Good luck. Bill Hauserman

----------
> From: Anekie Alwayne <Anekie@cssrv.utech.edu.jm>
> To: gasification@crest.org
> Subject: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
> Date: Wednesday, February 11, 1998 10:54 PM
>
> I am a student at the University of Technolgy, Jamaica and seeking info.
> on the Open Top (core) Wood Gasifier. I am presently in the third year
> (final) where a group of us are undertaking a major project. we choose
to
> do the gasifier which seem to be a very feasible idea, however presently
> we are lacking information on dimensions, cleaning and cooling system,
> types of materials otherwise from wood chips that can be gasified,
safety
> and other critical information for a "simple and low cost model."
> If you have any info. on the open-core gasifier (3.7 KWh or other in its
> class) please send or forward to listings of the sites were this
> information can be harnested.[ A. S. A. P.] Your efforts would be
greatful.
>
> ps. Tried other sites and was unsuccessful "WE ARE COUNTING ON YOU"
>
> Thanks in advance
> NIK.
>

From tk at tke.dk Fri Feb 13 03:20:00 1998
From: tk at tke.dk (Thomas Koch)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
In-Reply-To: <199802122204.QAA29613@ns1.corpcomm.net>
Message-ID: <199802130825.JAA28084@proxy.image.dk>

From: "William B. Hauserman" <hauserman@corpcomm.net>
To: <gasification@crest.org>
Cc: "Mukunda, Prof. H.S." <mukunda@aero.iisc.ernet.in>
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
Date: Thu, 12 Feb 1998 16:25:55 -0600
Reply-to: gasification@crest.org

There was a IEA report about this subject published in 1994.

Thomas Koch

From ch92037 at central.ntua.gr Fri Feb 13 09:23:01 1998
From: ch92037 at central.ntua.gr (Alexis Astropekakis)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Information
Message-ID: <199802131427.QAA08947@central.ntua.gr>

Dear friends,

My name is Alexis Astropekakis and I am a student in chemical engineering.

This year I am doing my diploma thesis. In biomass gasification. I examine
how leaching (washing) decreases the ash content in three agricultural
residues which will be used later on in pilot gasifiers and combustion
units.

I would like to ask any kind of information (bibliography, reports, web
sites e.t.c.) in the following areas:

- Combustion and gasification mechanisms
-Properties for peach stones, grape residues and also for olive kernels
-Deposition and corrosion in biomass reactors mechanisms

Please fill free to write to me : ch92037@central.ntua.gr
I would like to thank you all in advance for your help and time.

Yours sincerely

Alexis Astropekakis

From costich at pacifier.com Fri Feb 13 10:00:55 1998
From: costich at pacifier.com (Dale Costich)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Open Core gasifiers
In-Reply-To: <3.0.2.32.19980212155407.0068a254@cssrv.utech.edu.jm>
Message-ID: <34E46108.544D@pacifier.com>

Yes I have built a gasification unit that is the size you speak of. And
I have used it for 5 years. There fun to operate. Send me your address
I'm here:Dale Costich 15509 N.E. 129 st. Brush Prairie, Wa. 98606 USA.
The open top is good so you can drop fuel in as it is transformed into
producer gas from the hearth zone! however this requires a sucking
blower thru which the gas passes on its way to storage or consumption.
this pump gets dirty and has to have a cleaning cycle. Sincerely Dale
Costich

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 13 12:21:17 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: thermocouples
Message-ID: <199802131224_MC2-3335-7FEC@compuserve.com>

Dear James;

I use chromel-alumel thermocouples for temperatures up to 1,000 C,
indefinite life, and up to 1100 C for short periods. They are metal clad
with built in plugs, diameter 1/16 - 1/4 inch. I buy them in Denver at
Instrument Serviecs made to order for about $25 apiece. Well worth it.

For higher temperatures, you need platinum/platinum rhodium and inconel
sheathing. Generally not worth it.

Yours truly, TOM REED

From phoenix at transport.com Sat Feb 14 16:14:32 1998
From: phoenix at transport.com (Art Krenzel)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Math Model of Pyrolysis
Message-ID: <199802142019.MAA11230@s.transport.com>

For those of you who might be more enamoured with "digital" pyrolysis than
staring into the flames, Jet Propulsion Labs has two technical articles
regarding gross design features for gasifiers.

They are titled:
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS PARTICLES and
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A DIRECT-CONTACT PYROLYSIS REACTOR.

Copies of the article are free and available on the internet at:
www.nasatech.com under the Physical Sciences category.

To Alex & Elson - you keep staring into the flame - your progress is too
fast to divert your time staring at numbers :).

Art Krenzel
phoenix@transport.com

From arcate at email.msn.com Sun Feb 15 17:01:48 1998
From: arcate at email.msn.com (Jim Arcate)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: technology trading post
Message-ID: <085b53806220f28UPIMSSMTPUSR03@email.msn.com>

I am starting up a small business research service and "technology trading
post" for renewable energy from biomass. Have a look and help me make it
work.
See site at http://www.techtp.com/

James R. Arcate
Transnational Technology
3289 Manoa Road Apt. A
Honolulu, HI 96822-1273
808-988-7502

From 1knollwood at mail.monmouth.com Tue Feb 17 12:50:37 1998
From: 1knollwood at mail.monmouth.com (Carol Woolley)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: gasolne and diesel engines
Message-ID: <34E99A58.336B@mail.monmouth.com>

Can you give me information about gasoline and diesel engines. I am
trying to get information for a science report and I am having some
trouble finding resources.

From CDB302 at aol.com Wed Feb 18 23:27:00 1998
From: CDB302 at aol.com (CDB302@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: hello
Message-ID: <228da866.34ebb5ed@aol.com>

I am on a debate team as well as many of the other student you have heard
from. I need help in facts to proe my point. We are saying that we can
replace non-renewable resources by the process of cold fussion. Can you
explain to me why we are going with this point. My debate coach gave it too
me since we are going to competion in two days. God I hope you get this soon!
Thanks for your time

Cody Butler

From fkuzel at cglg.org Thu Feb 19 13:36:47 1998
From: fkuzel at cglg.org (Fred Kuzel)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Bioenergy '98 conference
Message-ID: <01BD3D33.AF7A5BA0@ts005d09.chi-il.concentric.net>

As a reminder to everyone, the deadline to submit abstracts for papers at BioEnergy '98 is coming up very soon. Abstracts need to be postmarked by February 28. You may also email or fax your abstract to me by March 15. Email: fkuzel@cglg.org or fax: 312-407-0038. The instructions for abstract submittal are on our web page http://www.cglg.org/bioenergy98/ I hope that many of you can participate. Please contact me if you have any questions. Following is a press release that I posted a couple of months ago.

-Fred Kuzel

MARK YOUR CALENDAR!
BioEnergy '98 Conference
Expanding Bioenergy Partnerships
Madison, Wisconsin
October 4-8, 1998

BioEnergy '98 a conference focusing on building a thriving biomass energy industry will be held at the new Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Monona Terrace Convention Center in Madison, Wisconsin, October 4-8, 1998. The conference will explore the many opportunities in a full range of biomass energy topics through plenary lectures, panel discussions, workshops, paper presentations, technical tours, trade show exhibition, and poster sessions.

BioEnergy '98 will bring together the many partners in the biomass energy industry including those involved with solid fuels such as wood and waste materials, and liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. This conference is targeted towards biomass feedstock producers and users, equipment manufacturers and vendors, plant managers and operators, consultants, design engineers, investors, farmers/agricultural specialists, solid waste management companies, government energy officials, researchers and academicians, policy makers, and environmentalists.

BioEnergy '98 invites papers for presentation under several topic areas including biomass derived liquid fuels, combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, feedstock production, policy and marketing, financing and case studies. Papers dealing with commercial applications will be given priority over research subjects. Paper abstracts are due February 28, 1998.

The BioEnergy '98 Trade Show will present information on the latest technology, research and development, commercial projects, and industry and government resources. The Trade Show provides an opportunity for service and equipment suppliers, technology developers, trade associations and government agencies to meet industry professionals one-on-one.

The eighth biennial BioEnergy conference is hosted by the Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program. More information on BioEnergy '98, including the call for papers and Trade Show exhibitor application, can be obtained from the Internet at http://www.cglg.org/bioenergy98 or by contacting Fred Kuzel at (312) 407-0177 or fkuzel@cglg.org.

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 20 13:30:52 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Tom Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: gasification-digest V1 #635
Message-ID: <199802201336_MC2-341A-4E0E@compuserve.com>

Dear Jim:

I found your page (techtp.com) very interesting - as far as it went. I am
interested in small scale turbines and burning producer gas, since producer
gas varies in quality with time.

How does one follow a turbine load with varying fuel gas?

Keep us posted as the page progresses.

Yours truly, TOM REED

From claush at bergsoe.dtu.dk Fri Feb 20 16:27:19 1998
From: claush at bergsoe.dtu.dk (Claus Hindsgaul)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: SOOT in producer gas
Message-ID: <m0y604K-001bdgC@bergsoe.dtu.dk>

Hello again gas-fellows,

In short:
I was surprised to find soot to be far the biggest part of the
particles sampled from the producer gas from the two-stage gasifier
at DTU.
--

I am writing my Master Thesis on the measurement of particles in
producer gas - trying to emphasize on qualities, which can harm
IC-engines run at the gas.

The gasifier, I look at, is the two-stage gasifier at DTU - with
seperate pyrolysis and gasification.

I have developed an isokinetic sample system. From the gasifier, the
gas passes a cyclone and a cooler, which cooles the gas to 40-50C,
before it reaches my sample probe.
The particles where sampled at quartz-wool-filters, plane quartz-wool
filters, membrane filters and using a cascade impactor.

To overcome the problem, that the gas was oversaturated with water, I
incorporated a 40cm pipe before the filter, where my sample stream
could be heated. This seemed to be far less important, than I
thought, since results seemed to be consistent without any heating at
all.

The particle load was about 270mg/Nm3, containing 8-12% SOF
(extracted with dichlormethane).

The single most surprising discovery until now, is, that approx
90% of the particle WEIGHT where soot-particles with sizes of
<0.2microns!
This information was revealed by the cascade impactor, and verified by
scanning electron microscopy.
I had to seek it to find any coke, and the fraction of coke seems to
be less than a half percent by weight

My earlier investigations - using optical microscopy - of course did
not show this, and I was fooled into counting and characterizing
clusters of soot in my water dipersion as single particles - of
course with completely different results.

Have anybody seen this on other gasifier types? - or made any
comparable qualitative analysis on particles from a gasifier?

My next step is to chemically analyse the samples.
As usual, comments are very welcome.

Sincerly,
Claus Hindsgaul Hansen
Stud. M. Sci.
--
Claus Hindsgaul Hansen
Skodsborgvej 190, v.2906, DK-2850 Naerum, DENMARK
claush@bergsoe.dtu.dk - http://www.student.dtu.dk/~c918280
Phone: (+45) 4550 5171+2906 (Home)
(+45) 4525 4162 (Office)

From graeme at powerlink.co.nz Sun Feb 22 03:30:46 1998
From: graeme at powerlink.co.nz (Graeme Williams)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: SOOT in producer gas
Message-ID: <199802220730.UAA06463@powerlink.co.nz>

> Date: Fri, 20 Feb 1998 22:32:39 +100
> From: "Claus Hindsgaul" <claush@bergsoe.dtu.dk>
> Subject: GAS-L: SOOT in producer gas
>
> Hello again gas-fellows,
>
> In short:
> I was surprised to find soot to be far the biggest part of the
> particles sampled from the producer gas from the two-stage gasifier
> at DTU.
> - --
>
> I am writing my Master Thesis on the measurement of particles in
> producer gas - trying to emphasize on qualities, which can harm
> IC-engines run at the gas.
>
> The gasifier, I look at, is the two-stage gasifier at DTU - with
> seperate pyrolysis and gasification.
>
> I have developed an isokinetic sample system. From the gasifier, the
> gas passes a cyclone and a cooler, which cooles the gas to 40-50C,
> before it reaches my sample probe.
> The particles where sampled at quartz-wool-filters, plane quartz-wool
> filters, membrane filters and using a cascade impactor.
>
> To overcome the problem, that the gas was oversaturated with water, I
> incorporated a 40cm pipe before the filter, where my sample stream
> could be heated. This seemed to be far less important, than I
> thought, since results seemed to be consistent without any heating at
> all.
>
> The particle load was about 270mg/Nm3, containing 8-12% SOF
> (extracted with dichlormethane).
>
> The single most surprising discovery until now, is, that approx
> 90% of the particle WEIGHT where soot-particles with sizes of
> <0.2microns!
> This information was revealed by the cascade impactor, and verified by
> scanning electron microscopy.
> I had to seek it to find any coke, and the fraction of coke seems to
> be less than a half percent by weight
>
> My earlier investigations - using optical microscopy - of course did
> not show this, and I was fooled into counting and characterizing
> clusters of soot in my water dipersion as single particles - of
> course with completely different results.
>
> Have anybody seen this on other gasifier types? - or made any
> comparable qualitative analysis on particles from a gasifier?
>
> My next step is to chemically analyse the samples.
> As usual, comments are very welcome.
>
> Sincerly,
> Claus Hindsgaul Hansen
> Stud. M. Sci.
> - --
> Claus Hindsgaul Hansen
> Skodsborgvej 190, v.2906, DK-2850 Naerum, DENMARK
> claush@bergsoe.dtu.dk - http://www.student.dtu.dk/~c918280
> Phone: (+45) 4550 5171+2906 (Home)
Hello Claus,

Fluidyne worked with Dr Jim Cousins here in New Zealand on Producer Gas
soot back in about 1980. As gasified I.C. engine power generation is our
preferred technology, we had to establish its makeup and behaviour before
the engine suppliers would work with us.

Because soot and carbon backs form in different conditions and places, I
would exclude discussing the phenomena where they are formed from this
answer.

Ingestion of particles less than two microns into an engine is harmless.
The smallest clearance established between moving surfaces separated by an
oil film is two microns, and only larger particles can bridge the film to
cause abrasive wear, (should that particle have an abrasive characteristic
factor ie silicon).

Generally speaking, the particle will eventually end up in the oil causing
it to thicken, but that isn't really a problem. While the soot particles
in themselves are harmless, the quantity must be minimal as they will throw
out and impact onto the input manifold surfaces and corners which
eventually causes blockages.

As to the actual make up of your soot, only an analysis can answer your
question, and that answer will only be relevant for the gasifier making
that particular soot sample. I would expect to find both carbon blacks and
carbon (not char) soot in the sample, with the carbon blacks in the
majority. Dr Cousins identified the carbon blacks as having a similar
lattice structure to graphite, which as a lubricant in its own right is
often added to engine oil. Possibly, I may be wrong as your gas is still
hot enough to carry blacks through your impact collector. Maybe you should
also add cold air to your test gear after the filters and see what comes
out of suspension with the condensate. This is a critical area of engine
problems, and we separated out to prevent sparkplug fouling.

I should also mention that the moisture content of gas going into an engine
reduces volumetric efficiency, effects flame speed, increases acid levels
in the oil, as well as carrying substantial amounts of submicron
particulate. Remember the only clean gas is dry gas.

We have some excellent photographs taken with the electron microscope, if
they are of any use to you - so please advise if your computer is set up to
receive them.

Regards
Doug Williams - Fluidyne Gasification

From claush at bergsoe.dtu.dk Sun Feb 22 06:29:54 1998
From: claush at bergsoe.dtu.dk (Claus Hindsgaul)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: SOOT in producer gas
In-Reply-To: <199802220730.UAA06463@powerlink.co.nz>
Message-ID: <m0y6ZhH-001bdhC@bergsoe.dtu.dk>

On 22 Feb 98 at 21:29, Graeme Williams wrote:
> Hello Claus,
>
> Because soot and carbon backs form in different conditions and places, I
> would exclude discussing the phenomena where they are formed from this
> answer.
That's fine. To my knowledge, the soot-formation process in detail
isn't well understood. Research on the topic currently goes on at
Risoe in Denmark. I will not cover this subject in my Thesis.

> Ingestion of particles less than two microns into an engine is harmless.
> The smallest clearance established between moving surfaces separated by an
> oil film is two microns, and only larger particles can bridge the film to
> cause abrasive wear, (should that particle have an abrasive characteristic
> factor ie silicon).
Only about 1/500 of my sampled particles by weight are larger than 1
micron - including some clusters of smaller soot-particles.
The soot might form clusters of a greater size, but I wouldn't expect
these clusters to be abrasive to the engine.

> Generally speaking, the particle will eventually end up in the oil causing
> it to thicken, but that isn't really a problem. While the soot particles
> in themselves are harmless, the quantity must be minimal as they will throw
> out and impact onto the input manifold surfaces and corners which
> eventually causes blockages.
Even more so, if I am correct in guessing, that most of the (8%) tar
contents will condensate on the surface of the sub-micron particles.

> I would expect to find both carbon blacks and
> carbon (not char) soot in the sample, with the carbon blacks in the
> majority. Dr Cousins identified the carbon blacks as having a similar
> lattice structure to graphite, which as a lubricant in its own right is
> often added to engine oil. Possibly, I may be wrong as your gas is still
> hot enough to carry blacks through your impact collector. Maybe you should
> also add cold air to your test gear after the filters and see what comes
> out of suspension with the condensate.
I have some condensate (from the plastic tubing after the
filters). It looks transparent, except from a faint, misty white
color. There was no visible settlement of particles in the
condensate.

> This is a critical area of engine
> problems, and we separated out to prevent sparkplug fouling.
We have a 10 micron motor filter before our test-IC-engine.
Absolutely nothing (except an aquatic solution) seems to be
sampled on quartz-wool filters after this filter. This surprises me
very much, after I discovered, that the particles are in the
submicron range.

> We have some excellent photographs taken with the electron microscope, if
> they are of any use to you - so please advise if your computer is set up to
> receive them.

I would be happy to recieve them. (I'm lucky not be stuck with a
modem).

I have made three SEM-photos from the last filter in "my" cascade
impactor (glass wool filter, particles <0,2 microns) available at.
http://www.student.dtu.dk/~c918280/SEM
.
I haven't yet explained, why some of the soot form clusters. This
may have happened after the sampling, since the clusters greatly
exceeds the 0,2 micron. Maybe drops of condensed water?

Sincerly,
Claus Hindsgaul
--
Claus Hindsgaul Hansen
Skodsborgvej 190, v.2906, DK-2850 Naerum, DENMARK
claush@bergsoe.dtu.dk - http://www.student.dtu.dk/~c918280
Phone: (+45) 4550 5171+2906 (Home)
(+45) 4525 4162 (Office)

From rbaileyj at prmenergy.com Mon Feb 23 18:08:07 1998
From: rbaileyj at prmenergy.com (Ron Bailey, Jr.)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: PRM Energy-Change of email address
Message-ID: <199802232308.SAA15934@solstice.crest.org>

--------------F369ED0A818B657BB797D23E
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Dear gasification participants:

Please note that PRM Energy Systems, Inc. has changed its email
addresses as follows:

General Information - sales@prmenergy.com
Ronald W. Bailey - rbaileys@prmenergy.com
Ron Bailey, Jr. - rbaileyj@prmenergy.com

We have also recently activated our new web site. Please visit
the site at: www.prmenergy.com.

Thanks:

Ron Bailey, Jr.

--------------F369ED0A818B657BB797D23E
Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

<HTML>
Dear gasification participants:

Please note that PRM Energy Systems, Inc. has changed its email addresses
as follows:

General Information -  <A
HREF="mailto:sales@prmenergy.com">sales@prmenergy.com</A>
     Ronald W. Bailey -  <A
HREF="mailto:rbaileys@prmenergy.com">rbaileys@prmenergy.com</A>
     Ron Bailey, Jr. -  <A
HREF="mailto:rbaileyj@prmenergy.com">rbaileyj@prmenergy.com</A>

We have also recently activated our new web site. Please visit the site
at:  www.prmenergy.com.

Thanks:

Ron Bailey, Jr.
  
  </HTML>

--------------F369ED0A818B657BB797D23E--

begin: vcard
fn: Ron Bailey, Jr.
n: Bailey, Jr.;Ron
org: PRM Energy Systems, Inc.
adr: 504 Windamere Ter.;;;Hot Springs;Arkansas;71913;USA
email;internet: rbaileyj@prmenergy.com
tel;work: 501-767-2100
tel;fax: 501-767-6968
x-mozilla-cpt: ;0
x-mozilla-html: FALSE
version: 2.1
end: vcard

From tmiles at teleport.com Mon Feb 23 19:49:14 1998
From: tmiles at teleport.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: FWD: New PRMEnergy Addresses
Message-ID: <3.0.32.19980223165320.00974828@mail.teleport.com>

Dear gasification participants:

Please note that PRM Energy Systems, Inc. has changed its email
addresses as follows:

General Information - sales@prmenergy.com
Ronald W. Bailey - rbaileys@prmenergy.com
Ron Bailey, Jr. - rbaileyj@prmenergy.com

We have also recently activated our new web site. Please visit
the site at: www.prmenergy.com.

Thanks:

Ron Bailey, Jr.

From arcate at email.msn.com Mon Feb 23 22:27:08 1998
From: arcate at email.msn.com (Jim Arcate)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Transnational Technology
Message-ID: <05f612107031828UPIMSSMTPUSR03@email.msn.com>

Dear gasification participants:

I have changed my new web site (again).
Please visit: www.techtp.com
Co-firing biomass charcoal with coal in existing PC power plants could be an
attractive option for utilities. Blending charcoal with coal would avoid
the need for a separate biomass feed system,etc. See paper and charcoal
"discussion web" at site !
Charcoal could also be a good feedstock for GASIFICATION.

Jim Arcate
Transnational Technology

From greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com Tue Feb 24 07:58:45 1998
From: greenland2.glr at dial.pipex.com (GLR)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: GREVE IN CHIANTI
Message-ID: <01BD4124.937D9170@aj138.du.pipex.com>

Subject: The Greve in Chianti gasifier.

At Green Land Reclamation, we have followed the discussions on gasification with interest and thought participants might like to know about the latest developments at the gasification plant at Greve in Chianti, Italy. As consultants, we have been closely involved with the plant at Greve for some time, co-ordinating a successful application to the European Commission for financial support to up-grade the plant. We have recently been appointed co-ordinators on behalf of the partnership.

A partnership comprising four companies and the local municipality, the Comune di Greve, recently signed a contract with the European Commission (EC) to up-grade the gasification plant at Greve in Chianti, near Florence. As part of the EC's "THERMIE" Research and Development Programme, the partners will receive a grant of 1.5 million ECU to help with the installation of an advanced new system to clean up the low energy gas produced by the gasification of pelletised refuse derived fuel. It is hoped that this will significantly enhance the performance of the steam cycle, which has been adversely affected by fouling of the boiler, and so boost the generation of electricity to the design capacity of 6.7 MWe .

The THERMIE project is now in the design phase for the new gas clean-up system and is expected to last for two to three years. The project-team will present a paper at the forthcoming WREN (World Renewable Energy Network) Congress to be held in Florence in September, 1998 and delegates will be invited to visit the plant.

Apart from the Comune di Greve, the other partners in the project are:
S.A.F.I. S.p.A., the company which operates the plant, Ansaldo Ricerche, of Genoa, Ansaldo Volund Research and Development, of Denmark, and Schumacher of Germany.

N.McDonald.

You can contact us via the discussion group, or at:

Green Land Reclamation Ltd,
1, Furze Platt Road,
Maidenhead,
Berkshire,
SL6 7ND,
UK.

Tel. +44 1628 778077
Fax. +44 1628 634340

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Tue Feb 24 08:00:54 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Soot, char-ash and moisture
Message-ID: <199802240806_MC2-3479-5176@compuserve.com>

Dear Claus, Doug and all:

I was very glad to hear Claus say that he had been able to measure soot and
the major particulate - and that it was < 0.2 microns in size.

I have occasionally heard others report soot - and also they agreed with
Doug that they don't hurt the engine - at least not like big 20 micron
boulders of char-ash.

It is important to recognize the various carbon forms we are dealing with.

1) Charcoal: resulting from pyrolysis in the range 400-600C. (Higher
temperatures may produce activated charcoal, but we won't discuss that
here) It has the same cellular structure as the wood.

2) Char-ash: As the above charcoal is gasified by air, CO2 and H2O the
cell walls eventually become so small that that dissolve, leaving the
intersections of walls to become gasborne. They are 5-50 microns in size.
Remove with GOOD cyclone or filter.

3) Soot: When hydrocarbons (or tars) are pyrolysed at 400-800C, the
molecules become thermally unstable relative to carbon and very small
particles of soot begin to build up. The kinetics are such that they don't
reach 1 micron easily. To see soot, put a teaspoon into a candle flame (if
your wife/mother will let you). It feels greasy. Useful for printers ink.

4) Moisture: Glad to see Doug's comments recommending DRY producer gas.
Many systems want to scrub and cool with water which leaves supersaturated
gas, ready to carry any tar droplets to valve stems and make varnish.
Prof. Mike Graboski recommends scrubbing and cooling with diesel instead.
(Tars are insoluble in diesel - they make a sludge that you can feed to the
gasifier.)

Cheers, TOM REED

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Tue Feb 24 08:01:06 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Vermont Gasification Project
Message-ID: <199802240806_MC2-3479-516C@compuserve.com>

Dear John:

My heartiest congratulations on achieving a milestone at Burlington. (So
many gasifiers produce only millstones.)

Yours, TOM REED

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Tue Feb 24 08:01:06 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: THE END OF CHEAP OIL
Message-ID: <199802240806_MC2-3479-5179@compuserve.com>

Dear Jay et al:

Last night about 2 AM I finished reading the latest (March) Scientific
American, pp 78- 95.

Message 1: Global production of conventional oil will begin to decline
sooner than most people think, probably within 10 years

Message 2: There are other fossil alternatives, but they will be more
expensive and less convenient.

Most of us will consider this as good news, since we at CREST are working
on the alternatives that cheap oil makes "uneconomical" today. I'm
preparing.

I recommend that you all read this analysis (and maybe stockpile cheap oil
:-) )

Then I got the following message today: Thanks, Jay.

Enjoy TOM REED

Message text written by "Jay Hanson"
>PREVENTING THE NEXT OIL CRUNCH
Global production of oil from conventional sources is likely to
peak and decline permanently during the next decade, according to
the most thoughtful analyses. In these articles, industry experts
explain why and describe technologies that could cushion against
the shock of a new energy crisis.

THE END OF CHEAP OIL
Colin J. Campbell and Jean H. Laherrère Forecasts about the
abundance of oil are usually warped by inconsistent definitions
of "reserves." In truth, every year for the past two decades the
industry has pumped more oil than it has discovered, and
production will soon be unable to keep up with rising demand.

[ also see three more articles on energy in this issue
http://www.sciam.com/1998/0398issue/0398quicksummary.html ]

Jay -- www.dieoff.org

From fkuzel at cglg.org Tue Feb 24 10:54:56 1998
From: fkuzel at cglg.org (Fred Kuzel)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Bioenergy '98 conference
Message-ID: <01BD410A.ED339120@ts001d18.chi-il.concentric.net>

-Fred Kuzel

MARK YOUR CALENDAR!
BioEnergy '98 Conference
Expanding Bioenergy Partnerships
Madison, Wisconsin
October 4-8, 1998

From BeedieD at cardiff.ac.uk Tue Feb 24 14:10:56 1998
From: BeedieD at cardiff.ac.uk (David Beedie)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: gasifiers, 30-500kWe
Message-ID: <150234F4021@NPRDCF1S.CF.AC.UK>

Dear All,
I am forwarding this message to you for Dr.Donald C. Patrick -
still not yet a citizen of the internet - that he offers biomass
gasification systems for small scale power, heat only or CHP
applications. If any reader wishes to know more I listed
Dr.Patrick's contact details in a previous mail dated 4th August
1997. I also posted a brief report of a visit to his works to this
list on 28/8/97. Dr Patrick has asked me to inform the list again
that he offers his gasifier-engine generating systems for a variety
of waste fuels, rated from 30-500kWe. His UK telephone/FAX number is
+44 1925 723369, but if you want I can pass on your emails to him.

Message Ends.
***********************************
Dr D.Beedie, School of Engineering, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK
email: BeedieD@cf.ac.uk
Office Tel. 01222 874683; or 874000 ext.5927(lab.)
Home tel: 762197

From suranga.typ at elecnor.es Wed Feb 25 06:15:24 1998
From: suranga.typ at elecnor.es (Salvador Uranga)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Vermont Gasification Project
Message-ID: <01BD41E7.EC276EE0@URANGA.elecnor.es>

I would be very pleased if anyone can inform me about today's situation of this project

Thank you in advance

S. Uranga

From JIRVING104 at aol.com Wed Feb 25 09:39:59 1998
From: JIRVING104 at aol.com (JIRVING104@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Vermont Gasification Project
Message-ID: <f896a9d1.34f42e8d@aol.com>

Hi,in response to your question, we did succesfully operate the project on
Feb 21st in air blown gasification mode, and again on Feb 22 in anaerobic
gasification mode. We identified a number of items that need to be corrected
before operating the plant again and are currently doing that. There is not a
schedule yet for when parametric testing will begin, but it's within the next
month or two. John Irving

From graeme at powerlink.co.nz Thu Feb 26 02:55:52 1998
From: graeme at powerlink.co.nz (Graeme Williams)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re Soot in producer gas
Message-ID: <199802260655.TAA20285@powerlink.co.nz>

Dear Claus
Re Soot in producer gas
Whilst the soot formation process may not be understood by those studying
in Denmark, there is considerable literature explaining the phenomena.
Although you may not wish to include formation in your thesis, it is
important to understand why you have what appears to be clusters of your
smaller particles.
Once CO forms, if the gas is not quenched immediately to below 500 degrees
C, the CO will revert to CO2 and soot flocculation will result. This is
the fluffy spheres or clusters you see. There will also be Ca, Fe and K
present, so you are not really looking at just soot.

You mention 8% tar which sounds substantial. Can you transcribe that into
mg/m3?

Engines can handle particulates reasonably well, but tar is a no no if it
condenses under the speed control butterfly of the inlet manifold. Even
pyrolysis oil causes problems in the valve stems and guides, and you should
always check to see if tar or oil is present after your tests.
Theoretically you should only see water if it hasn't been separated.

The misty white colour of your water condensate is probably dissolved ash.
Check its pH and see if it falls between 7.5-8.2.

Graeme my son who looks after the e-mail has kindly offered his web site
(http://powerlink.co.nz/~graeme/fluid.html)for retrieval of the photos I
promised. He has also scanned in the technical papers most frequently
requested from Fluidyne on the Pacific Class gasifier, so for anyone
interested, help yourself. Tom R comments about the remains of cell walls,
can be clearly seen in the photo of the cleanout from the cyclone, which if
designed correctly, removes most of the particles over 10 micron.

Sorry for the delay in this response as my spare time is more than full at
the moment.

Regards

Doug Williams
Fluidyne Gasification Ltd.

From tk at tke.dk Thu Feb 26 04:39:20 1998
From: tk at tke.dk (Thomas Koch)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re Soot in producer gas
In-Reply-To: <199802260655.TAA20285@powerlink.co.nz>
Message-ID: <199802260945.KAA15792@proxy.image.dk>

From: "Graeme Williams" <graeme@powerlink.co.nz>
To: "Gasification Mailing list" <gasification@crest.org>, <>,
claush@bergsoe.dtu.dk
Subject: GAS-L: Re Soot in producer gas
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 1998 20:57:47 +1300
Reply-to: gasification@crest.org

Dear Doug
Thank very much for the interesting information.
Beeing one of the danes that have not undetstood the soot formation
process fully, i would ask you if you could give me (us) a few titles
of the litterature you are reffering to.

Regarsd
Thomas Koch

You mention 8% tar which sounds substantial. Can you transcribe that into
mg/m3?

The misty white colour of your water condensate is probably dissolved ash.
Check its pH and see if it falls between 7.5-8.2.

Sorry for the delay in this response as my spare time is more than full at
the moment.

Regards

Doug Williams
Fluidyne Gasification Ltd.

From neeft at ecn.nl Thu Feb 26 05:45:57 1998
From: neeft at ecn.nl (J. Neeft)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re Soot in producer gas
Message-ID: <10511135041604@ecnpdc.ecn.nl>

>Dear Doug
>Thank very much for the interesting information.
>Beeing one of the danes that have not undetstood the soot formation
>process fully, i would ask you if you could give me (us) a few titles
>of the litterature you are reffering to.
>
>Regarsd
>Thomas Koch

Dear Thomas Koch,

Some literature references on soot formation are:
- Lahaye and Eyrburger-Dolle, 'Mechanisms of carbon black formation.
Correlation with the morphology of aggegates', Carbon 32, 1319-1324
(1994).
-Haynes and Wagner, 'Soot formation', Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 7,
229-273 (1981).
-Smith, 'Fundamentals of soot formation in flames with application to
diesel engine particulate emissions', Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 7,
275-291 (1981).

Regards,

John Neeft

========================================================================

E-Mail : neeft@ecn.nl - J. Neeft
ECN - Energy Research Foundation Department: ECN - Brandstoffen,
Conversie en Milieu
Telephone: (+31) 224 564700 Fax: (+31) 224 563489
P.O. box 1 1755 ZG Petten Country: The Netherlands
========================================================================

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 27 16:43:43 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re Soot in producer gas
Message-ID: <199802271649_MC2-34EF-F7F4@compuserve.com>

Dear Doug, Claus, Tom Koch et al:

Doug implies (below) that soot originates from the reverse Boudouard
reaction

CO ==> CO2 + C
This reaction is favored thermodynamically (over the reverse) below about
700C. Kinetically it is very slow, except on metal surfaces. In steel
mills the carbon plates out as "kisch" (shit) carbon and is very slippery.
Below 500 C production is very slow.

So, I am not sure that any of the soot found in producer gas comes from
this reaction. As I said before, most soot originates from pyrolysis of
hydrocarbons and other large molecules and is submicron.

There is a Combustion Symposium held every year and bound volumes of their
proceedings in our library here at CSM. They discuss soot ad nauseum.
Graduate students study it ad nauseum.

More importantly for us, it can pass through engines without causing
troubles because it is so fine. So, I hope it doesn't become a major issue
in the GASIFICATION pages. However, just in case, I have started a folder
on SOOT in my filing cabinet.

VTY, TOM REED
~~~~

Thank very much for the interesting information.
Beeing one of the danes that have not undetstood the soot formation
process fully, i would ask you if you could give me (us) a few titles
of the litterature you are reffering to.

Regarsd
Thomas Koch

You mention 8% tar which sounds substantial. Can you transcribe that into
mg/m3?

The misty white colour of your water condensate is probably dissolved ash.
Check its pH and see if it falls between 7.5-8.2.

Sorry for the delay in this response as my spare time is more than full at
the moment.

Regards

Doug Williams
Fluidyne Gasification Ltd.
<

From REEDTB at compuserve.com Fri Feb 27 16:43:49 1998
From: REEDTB at compuserve.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:07:31 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Biomass Approximations ... and TAR
Message-ID: <199802271649_MC2-34EF-F7F2@compuserve.com>

Dear NET:

Sometimes it is necessary to have exact values to calculate quantitatively.
However, before being exact, (and in checking exact results) it is
important to have approximations. Maybe this is why many people don't
think creatively about biomass conversion. I sometimes wake at night and
do a lot of useful approximate thinking about biomass (rather than worrying
about when we'll run out of oil etc.) I have found the following
approximations to be very useful.

BIOMASS APPROXIMATIONS
BIOMASS COMPOSITION
On a bone dry, ash free basis, (DAF) the composition of MOST biomass
approximates

C H(1.4) O (0.6)

This formula ratios the hydrogen and oxygen to the carbon. It has
(fortuitously) 3 moles and a molecular weight of 23.
If you prefer mole %
C= (1/3) = .33%; H = 1.4/3 = 47%; O = .6/3 = 20%
If you prefer Wt %,
C = (12/23) = 52%; H = (1.4/23) = 6% ; O = 9.6/23 = 42%
This formula permits writing equations for combustion, gasification and
pyrolysis such as

BIOMASS OXYGEN COMBUSTION: CH1.4O.6 + 1.05 O2 ==> CO2 + .7 H2O
and making mass calculations such as:
23 kg Biomass + (1.05 X 32) 33.6 kg oxygen ==> (44 + .7X18) 56.6 kg gas
or volumes such as:
1.05 volumes oxygen yields 1.7 volumes combustion gas
AIR
I know perfectly well that air contains 79% N2 and 21% O2, but in the world
of my mind it is 1/5O2, 4/5N2. If you want to make calculations for air
combustion or gasification you must add 4 N2 for each O2 (or (79/21) 3.76
if you wish to be more exact. [I learned my tables of 4 when I was 8. I'm
still a little shaky on my 3.76 tables.]

ENERGY
Bone dry ash free biomass has an energy content of 20 kJ/g (20 MJ/kg, 20
GJ/ton)
If you know water and ash content, you can calculate real world biomass
from this. Or better yet, have your biomass analysed for $200 and get
proximate, ultimate and energy content on your Xhulls Ybark or Zstraw.
Then hope it isn't different next year.

Producer gas has an energy content of 5-6 MJ/m3

POWER
1 kg/hr biomass generates (20,000J/3600sec) 5.6 kWthermal or 1 kWelectric
(at 18% overall efficiency)

GAS
1 m3 producer gas = 1 kg, so 1 ppm = 1 mg.

TAR
(Our faithful Doug Williams asked: "You mention 8% tar which sounds
substantial. Can you transcribe that into mg/m3?")

So, 8% tar = 80,000 ppm
(It is necessary to reduce tar below 50 ppm to run IC engines)
~~~~
Enough for now. If others will give a critique of these approximations or
send in their own favorites, I will add some more.

Yours truly, TOM REED

BioEnergy Lists: Gasifiers & Gasification

February 1998 Gasification Archive