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September 2001 Gasification Archive

For more messages see our 1996-2004 Gasification Discussion List Archives.

From tombreed at home.com Sat Sep 1 09:21:59 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:38 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
In-Reply-To: <E1780666C205D211B6740008C728DBFE9F514E@sp0016.epz.nl>
Message-ID: <00b301c132e7$6d3f8c80$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

Dear Andries, Jerod and all:

Tars are the Achilles Heel of biomass gasification and we had better all
know how to measure them!

I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach Smoke Meter for
determining tar and particulate levels in producer gas, and I will present
the results as a poster at Orlando.

Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to coordinate very well
with methane levels.

When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis reaction without cracking),
tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.

When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.

Any comments?

TOM REED

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
----- Original Message -----
From: "Weststeijn A" <A.Weststeijn@epz.nl>
To: "'Crest Gasification List'" <gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Thursday, August 30, 2001 8:07 AM
Subject: GAS-L: Tar sampling and analysis response time

> Dear List members,
>
> From an engineering and operational point of view, I am interested in the
> attainable response time (cycle time) of a singular tar sampling &
analysis
> system connected to the outlet duct of a gasifier and/or pyrolysis
> equipment.
>
> When -in reality- different process conditions are imposed on the
> manufacturing of product gas or pyrolysis gas in order to optimize process
> conditions, fuel blend and/or CFB bed make-up, the actual cycle time of
the
> tar measurements will greatly determine the progress of the optimization
> work.
> Purpose of the optimization work here is assumed to be the minimization of
> both gaseous light tars as well as heavy condensable tars.
> Both lab work and field work experience is appreciated.
> Orders of magitude are also wellcome.
>
> I realize that for practical conditions two parallel systems can
accomplish
> more than one singular system.
> So, my question is specifically related to the response time of a singular
> system.
>
> best regards,
> Andries Weststeijn
>
> -
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>
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> Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> www.webpan.com/BEF
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> -
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> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 14:18:40 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #1
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901121019.0098ae80@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Steam Reforming "Wet" biomasses using catalysts and catalytic heating.

OK folks -- here is a process that should work -- if ever built.

We start with a little background on present state of technology regarding
steam reforming "wet" biomasses.

This is part one -- patience --

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

*********reference article*********

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM HIGH-MOISTURE CONTENT BIOMASS IN
SUPERCRITICAL WATER
[IMAGE]

--------------------------------------------------------------------

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This project is investigating the use of water as the medium for
converting biomass to gas. Previous work showed that low
concentrations of a model compound (glucose) and various wet biomass
species could be completely gasified in supercritical water at 600C
and 34.5 MPa (5,000 psi) after 30 seconds. But higher concentrations
of glucose resulted in incomplete conversion. For this reason, flow
reactors have been constructed that accommodate packed beds of
catalyst. The goal is to identify active catalysts for steam
reforming biomass slurries in supercritical water. Carbon-based
catalysts promote complete conversion (>99%) of high-concentration
glucose (up to 22% by weight) to a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas. The
catalyst is stable over a period of several hours, is inexpensive,
and exists in a wide variety of forms. The gaseous products
(primarily hydrogen, CO2, and methane) separate from the water upon
cooling at the reactor exit and are then available for storage or
further processing at a pressure of 34.5 MPa.
PARTICIPANT

University of Hawaii

STATUS
Project is ongoing

--------------------------------------------------------------------

FUNDING PROFILE

Funding Source: DOE/Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy-Office of
Utility Technologies

Funding Mechanism: Grant
Funding Level (in thousands):Funding Level (in thousands):
------------------------------------------------
FY94 FY95 FY96 TOTAL
________________________________________________
U of Hawaii $140 $150 $200 $490
------------------------------------------------

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/
POINT OF CONTACT

U. OF HAWAII
M. Antal
Phone: 808-956-8346
Fax : 808-956-2335

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------

6-23

--------------------------------------------------------------------

*** References from this document ***

[orig] http://search.dis.anl.gov/plweb-cgi/idoc_oit.pl?231+unix+\
op+no+_free_user_+search.dis.anl.gov+oit-db+oit-db+oit+oit+++++1\
%20minute+3+http://refining.dis.anl.gov/oit/toc/h2proc_8.html+Re\
turn_to_Hydrogen_Production/Recovery/Storage_TOC

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 14:19:53 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #2
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901120930.0098fc20@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Steam Reforming "Wet" biomasses using catalysts and catalytic heating.

Ok -- we now can accept a "given" -- that being wet biomass in water at 600
C and 5000 psi steam reforms to a high quality product gas.

Now -- on to some basic mechanics.

Steam reformation is highly endothermic -- meaning the reaction has to be
fed with a large amount of heat. The heat is not lost -- but rather
converted into gas product.

This can be accomplished in practice by using part of the product to fuel
the endothermic reaction. The problem to date has been efficiency losses
due to maintaining the high heat steam reforming requires -- 1000 C

However -- the previous part presented demonstrates operation at 600 C if
at 5000 psi.

Normal combustion burning of gasses would represent terrible flue gas
losses at this temperature of operation. Requiring expensive energy
recovery devices.

However -- if one put the steam reforming unit in the path of a standard
boiler firebox -- there would be no "losses". But then all product would be
for thermal use only! As in a thermal vapor cycle power plant. And why
bother?? A simple thermal gasifier would serve this same function with much
less complication.

The car manufactures demonstrate a solution to this problem by using a
catalytic heater -- which has the barest minimum of flue loss -- for
operating the steam reformation process. They can thus maintain
temperatures of up to 1200 C without paying a flue gas heat loss price.

Quoting from a previous message to this list on this subject:

"The processor uses gasoline as a fuel to create a high-quality stream of
hydrogen that powers a fuel cell."

You can see a flow diagram -- pretty obvious -- at:

http://a1008.g.akamai.net/7/1008/5509/938066099/autoweb.com.au/autonews/imag
es/gmh9902181ahi.jpg

Notice the catalytic burner loop --

Hot gasses from the fuel cell have their heat recycled -- and gasoline is
used to fuel the endothermic (highly!!) steam reformation process.

Also -- notice how they recycle the H20 from combustion!!

The reformer is insulated -- and kept at working temperature by the
catalytic burner -- there is no lost heat!!

************

OK -- we now have a process for gasification of "Wet" biomass -- as in a
water/biomass "slurry" -- by steam reformation. Creating a "slurry" is
simple fuel conditioning procedure.

Using woody biomasses as example. The material is hogged and "blended" into
a slurry. There would be no need to dry the biomass first! and no one size
only physical fuel conditioning! Such as "pellets". A slurry "mill" costing
a small percentage of the equivalent pelletizer "mill" and using a fraction
of the energy to do its job.

Especially if the hogged woody biomass is heated with water, softening the
structure -- before "blending". Prior art of this technology is well
demonstrated in any pulp and paper mill. The heat required for this process
is not a "loss" -- but as will be demonstrated -- is easy recycled from the
exhaust of the steam reformation process -- which must be cooled to
separate gas product from super critical water.

Peter Singfield

Belize / Central America

 

 

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From dglickd at pipeline.com Sat Sep 1 14:33:36 2001
From: dglickd at pipeline.com (Dick Glick)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #2
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20010901120930.0098fc20@wgs1.btl.net>
Message-ID: <002901c13314$18c6f8a0$0100a8c0@hppava>

Hello All --

Supercritical water technology, in the presence of air = oxygen, has been
around for some time focusing on destruction of hazardous and biological
wastes -- works well -- but even then costs have been the deterrent to
feasibility.

Best, Dick

----- Original Message -----
From: "Peter Singfield" <snkm@btl.net>
To: <gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 1:11 PM
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #2

>
> Steam Reforming "Wet" biomasses using catalysts and catalytic heating.
>
> Ok -- we now can accept a "given" -- that being wet biomass in water at
600
> C and 5000 psi steam reforms to a high quality product gas.
>
> Now -- on to some basic mechanics.
>
> Steam reformation is highly endothermic -- meaning the reaction has to be
> fed with a large amount of heat. The heat is not lost -- but rather
> converted into gas product.
>
> This can be accomplished in practice by using part of the product to fuel
> the endothermic reaction. The problem to date has been efficiency losses
> due to maintaining the high heat steam reforming requires -- 1000 C
>
> However -- the previous part presented demonstrates operation at 600 C if
> at 5000 psi.
>
> Normal combustion burning of gasses would represent terrible flue gas
> losses at this temperature of operation. Requiring expensive energy
> recovery devices.
>
> However -- if one put the steam reforming unit in the path of a standard
> boiler firebox -- there would be no "losses". But then all product would
be
> for thermal use only! As in a thermal vapor cycle power plant. And why
> bother?? A simple thermal gasifier would serve this same function with
much
> less complication.
>
> The car manufactures demonstrate a solution to this problem by using a
> catalytic heater -- which has the barest minimum of flue loss -- for
> operating the steam reformation process. They can thus maintain
> temperatures of up to 1200 C without paying a flue gas heat loss price.
>
> Quoting from a previous message to this list on this subject:
>
> "The processor uses gasoline as a fuel to create a high-quality stream of
> hydrogen that powers a fuel cell."
>
> You can see a flow diagram -- pretty obvious -- at:
>
>
http://a1008.g.akamai.net/7/1008/5509/938066099/autoweb.com.au/autonews/imag
> es/gmh9902181ahi.jpg
>
> Notice the catalytic burner loop --
>
> Hot gasses from the fuel cell have their heat recycled -- and gasoline is
> used to fuel the endothermic (highly!!) steam reformation process.
>
> Also -- notice how they recycle the H20 from combustion!!
>
> The reformer is insulated -- and kept at working temperature by the
> catalytic burner -- there is no lost heat!!
>
> ************
>
> OK -- we now have a process for gasification of "Wet" biomass -- as in a
> water/biomass "slurry" -- by steam reformation. Creating a "slurry" is
> simple fuel conditioning procedure.
>
> Using woody biomasses as example. The material is hogged and "blended"
into
> a slurry. There would be no need to dry the biomass first! and no one size
> only physical fuel conditioning! Such as "pellets". A slurry "mill"
costing
> a small percentage of the equivalent pelletizer "mill" and using a
fraction
> of the energy to do its job.
>
> Especially if the hogged woody biomass is heated with water, softening the
> structure -- before "blending". Prior art of this technology is well
> demonstrated in any pulp and paper mill. The heat required for this
process
> is not a "loss" -- but as will be demonstrated -- is easy recycled from
the
> exhaust of the steam reformation process -- which must be cooled to
> separate gas product from super critical water.
>
> Peter Singfield
>
> Belize / Central America
>
>
>
>
>
> -
> Gasification List Archives:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
>
> Gasification List Moderator:
> Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> www.webpan.com/BEF
> List-Post: <mailto:bioenergy@crest.org>
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>
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> -
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> http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 15:14:28 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901130614.009a8100@wgs1.btl.net>

At 02:29 PM 9/1/2001 -0400, you wrote:
>Hello All --
>
>Supercritical water technology, in the presence of air = oxygen, has been
>around for some time focusing on destruction of hazardous and biological
>wastes -- works well -- but even then costs have been the deterrent to
>feasibility.
>
>Best, Dick
>

Exactly Dick!!

Stick around -- I will be outlining a method of doing this process very
economically -- and extremely efficiently.

It appears that only 3rd world engineers have a grasp on mechanical
realities. Modern world is simply to used to huge amounts of money around
to make everything to complicated -- the proverbial plumbers night-mare.

In fact -- under the present economic system -- it must always be kept to
complicated -- other wise everyone would be doing it.

when the US was a free enterprise system -- they advanced at an incredible
rate. But now -- it simply can never happen there anymore.

There is a very simple solution to all the problems involved with this
process. So simple I would rather try to build a steam reformer along what
I will outline that the conventional gasifier -- with all its gas cleaning,
fuel conditioning -- tars -- etc -- devices as presently manifested so
often on this list.

Patience -- wait for the series to be completed -- then you tell me!

In fact -- then you can "steal" it!! That is the only way changes get into
modern world these days! Claim it as your idea and sell it to your boss --

(I am not refering to you personally Dick -- just outlining how the system
operates)

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

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From jerry5335 at yahoo.com Sat Sep 1 15:25:39 2001
From: jerry5335 at yahoo.com (jerry dycus)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
In-Reply-To: <00b301c132e7$6d3f8c80$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>
Message-ID: <20010901192159.98983.qmail@web14005.mail.yahoo.com>

Hi Tom and All,
How do I get info on the conference in
Orlando? I would like to meet you and others there.
Thanks,
jerry dycus
--- Thomas Reed <tombreed@home.com> wrote:
> Dear Andries, Jerod and all:
>
> Tars are the Achilles Heel of biomass gasification
> and we had better all
> know how to measure them!
>
> I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach
> Smoke Meter for
> determining tar and particulate levels in producer
> gas, and I will present
> the results as a poster at Orlando.
>
> Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to
> coordinate very well
> with methane levels.
>
> When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis
> reaction without cracking),
> tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.
>
> When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.
>
> Any comments?
>
> TOM REED
>
>
> Dr. Thomas Reed
> The Biomass Energy Foundation
> 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
> 303 278 0558;
> tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com

__________________________________________________
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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 15:34:10 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #3
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901132552.00a47790@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Starting Catalystic burners -- part #1:

The supercritical water reformation of wet biomasses results in a product
gas containing methane, H2, CO2, H20 with traces of other gasses.

The ratio of methane to H2 production can be "adjusted" by operational
criteria -- that is pressure and temperature.

In the system I envision --

H20 is recovered by cooling the super critical water by heat exchanging
with the slurry being introduced to the device.

The mixture of gasses going down pipe from this are passed through an H2
extraction "membrane" -- leaving a final product -- to feed to the
catalytic heater -- of methane with CO2 -- and traces of other gasses.

The "pure" H2 is fed to a fuel cell.

As mentioned -- the variable of methane over H2 production is controlled on
the fly -- so that just the required amount of methane required id produced
and fed to the catalytic heater to supply heat energy for the reformation
process.

The net output of this entire system is "pure" H2! And a very small amount
of "waste" heat.

Now -- starting with catalytic burners.

A very interesting and new company specializing in this field of endeavor
is found in Israel.

This is the first part on Catalytic burning.

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

******************************************

From:

http://www.catalyticsys.com/CATBURNER%20.htm

CATALYTIC BURNER

Catalytic gas combustion is one of the most promising novel approaches
to circumvent the formation of harmful compounds during combustion,
especially the emissions of NOx (NO + NO2) and CO may be reduced strongly
compared to conventional combustion processes. The technology can be
applied to wide spectrum of appliances, from the large-scale industrial gas
turbine combustors and boilers to smaller scale heat generation systems
like residential boilers, heaters and stoves. Research efforts in catalytic
combustion, as alternative to conventional thermal combustion, are being
promoted by the need to meet government demands concerning pollution and
the wish to use energy sources more efficiently.

Our works in the area of catalytic combustion involve development of
monolith catalysts for high-intensity catalytic burner, using fuels such as
natural gas and LPG.

In the CST's catalytic burner, the combustion process is initiated and
stabilized by the catalytic substrate. Catalytic reactions coupled with
large thermal inertia of the ceramic support enable catalytic combustion to
carry out stable, highly efficient (100%) combustion over a wide range of
equivalence ratios (fuel-to-air ratios).

The two main advantages offered by the catalytic burner over the flame
burners are the following: catalytic combustion can be carried out over a
wide range of fuel concentrations in air and at relatively low
temperatures; these low temperatures result in attaining NOx emission
levels substantially lower than possible with conventional burners. The
premixed catalytic burner has a wide power modulation range - turndown
ratio > 10:1

Burner represents a panel made of the ceramic monolith. The inner channels
of this plate are covered with the catalytic material that is developed in
CST. Premixed fuel and air through pipe system is distributed over surface
of the catalytic burner. We obtained a relatively high temperature of the
monolith catalyst (of 1,300°C). The NOx and CO concentrations in
combustion products do not exceed 1 ppm each at 1,000°C. This is an
ultra-low level of pollutant emissions which is at least an order of
magnitude lower than the most stringent existent standards (e.g., 9 ppm CO
in U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards).

In a pre-mixed catalytic burner the air-methane mixture is fed to a
porous panel and, as a function of the local momentum of the fed gases
through the panel, the combustion may occur according to different regimes
(see Figure). In fact, at low surface heat powers (Q) and excesses of air
(Ea) the combustion occurs in a thin layer within the permeable panel
(radiant or flameless regime); the burner exit surface (burnerdeck) reaches
the highest temperatures (1,100 -1,300°C) and glows flamelessly with very
low NOx emissions. Conversely, at the high Q and Ea values the local
momentum is sufficient to blow the combustion out of the burner, thereby
establishes a flame front (blue-flame regime of 1600°C) immediately close
to the relatively cold burnerdeck (200-300 °C). In this case, the thermal
energy is more slowly transferred to the heat sink by convection, leading
to a higher NOx generation. This regime is not allowed for catalytic burner
because catalyst cannot withstand such a high temperature. It has to be
emphasised that the change from one regime to the other, typical of the
intermediate Ea and Q values, does not happen immediately all over the
burnerdeck, but so gradually that it may be considered as a third regime
(transition regime), characterised by the simultaneous presence of short
blue-flames and radiating zones over the burnerdeck.

Firing modes of the burner.

a: radiant or flameless regime; b: transition regime; c: blue-flame regime.

Catalysed premixed ceramic burner is indeed demonstrated to allow:

· reduction of CO and HC emissions at low specific thermal power (<
1000 kW/m2),

· reduction of NOx emissions due to increase of the ceramics emissivity
compared to non catalytic monolith, which allows, in the radiant
operating regime, higher heat fractions transferred by radiation to the
heat exchanger and consequently lower combustion temperatures;

· increase of burner turndown-ratio by allowing operability at very low
specific heat power values (down to about 100 kW/m2) with wider air excess
margins.



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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 16:18:38 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #4
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901134226.009a8b10@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Starting Catalytic burners -- part #2:

Catalytic burners transfer heat by infra-red radiation. Following is the
"blurb" explaining how this improves efficiencies. Later I will demonstrate
a specific application where this property leads to great increases in
efficiency regarding steam reformation. I believe the car makers have
already seen and walked that path with their current development of fuel
cell technology based on steam reformation of alcohol or even gasoline to
supply H2 to that cell.

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

**********

From:

http://www.catalyticsys.com/HOW%20INFRA.htm

HOW INFRA-RED WORKS

Heating units (incorporated in heaters and boilers) developing by CST are
the sources of infra-red radiant energy.

A gas fired infra-red heating systems emulates the true inexpensive
efficiency of the sun. Like the sun, infra-red heaters generate radiant
energy that is converted into heat when absorbed by objects in its path.

In boilers developed by CST, the method of water heating is also related to
the absorption of the infra-red energy by the material of the heat
exchanger , thus improving energy transfer and saving fuel cost.

CST catalytic infra-red heating units (incorporated in heaters and boilers)
are safe, flameless devices. Since infra-red energy heats only the
absorbing material or object, energy is not wasted heating the surrounding
air. Because the energy source is the natural gas or LPG rather than
electricity, operating costs are substantially less in most areas.
According to Wien's displacement rule ( 2,898/T micron) the wavelength of
catalytic heaters are three (high-temperature combustor of 1,000°C) to ten
(low-intensity heater of 300°C) microns. Electric heaters, in contrast,
produce a shorter wavelengths of one to three microns that absorbed less
efficiently.

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 16:19:21 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #5
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901134259.00a4c850@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Starting Catalytic burners -- part #3:

This is the last of the subsection on Catalytic burners. This is of a
"practical" nature. One thing to theorize that something can work. another
to make it work. CST is committed to designing specialized applications --
solving one problem of designing a prototype system such as being outlined
-- using catalytic burners for powering steam reformation.

With this -- we can leave catalytic burners and move on to the next design
criteria.

Read on.

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

****************

From:

http://www.catalyticsys.com/CUSTOMPROD%20.htm

CUSTOM PRODUCTS

CST is always open for partnership and can develop and produce a new custom
catalyst, a technology for the catalyst deposition and a new catalytic unit
to be incorporated into an arrangement of your end product.

Since its inception, CST has developed and produced custom catalytic
products for a variety of companies in many application areas. In
developing custom products, we move laboratory-scale material to commercial
production. We tailor our products for customer specific purposes. If you
need a catalyst for your particular application, CST can suggest our
solutions, provide test samples, perform analysis of catalytic and
thermophysical properties and manufacture the new product specifically for
your process.

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 16:20:03 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #6
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901135645.00a4ed00@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Extraction of pure H2

I am allowing no "Give-mees" -- I mentioned separating H2 from the product
-- returning the methane along with CO2 and minor impurities to the
calaytic heater firing the steam refomation process -- while resulting with
a pure H2 output product.

There are two method to accomplish such:

1: Molecular Sieves -- or as I call it -- membrane separation -- only the
tiny H2 molecule can pass through -- the other gasses stay to the other
side. This works fine with small to micro applications.

2: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) -- this for the big operators -- such as
Dough or Tom Taylor. I have appended information on this process.

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

 

From:

http://www.axsia.com/totalsolutions/hydrogen/PSA%20Units/psaunits.htm

Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)

Axsia Howmar is an established supplier, of many years standing, of
custom built hydrogen purification systems. Axsia Howmar has
developed a fixed bed Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process to
produce a high purity (up to 99.999%) product stream. This adsorption
process operates on a repeated cycle with fundamental steps of
adsorption, purge and regeneration.

The process has been well proven in service, with in excess of one
hundred PSA units having been installed over the past twenty years.

Axsia Howmar, in conjunction with its technology partner Bayer AG,
continue to develop the PSA process which allows the flowrates and
purity rates required in todays market to be achieved.

Bayer are a leading manufacturer of high quality molecular sieves and
have developed a range specifically for the pressure swing adsorption
applications.

Axsia Howmar's process takes impure feed gas and passes it through
the feedgas strainer into one adsorber vessel at pressure. The gas is
passed over one or more adsorbent beds, which selectively adsorb the
impurities, leaving a high purity hydrogen product. Feed flow
continues through the bed until the bed is short of being fully
saturated with impurities, and the feed gas is then automatically
switched to a clean adsorber. The loaded adsorber is taken off line
for regeneration.

Regeneration is the process of desorbing the impurities which were
adsorbed during the adsorption step, followed by repressurisation to
adsorption pressure so that the cycle can be repeated. There are 3
basic steps to the regeneration process:- Depressurisation, Purging
and Repressurisation.

Depressurisation

At the end of the adsorption step, the adsorber vessel contains a
significant amount of high purity hydrogen in the void volume of the
adsorbent bed. Much of this hydrogen is saved by pressure
equalisation with other vessels, after which the adsorber is blown
down to low pressure in preparation for the next step.

Purging

The impurities remaining after blow down are removed by passing
hydrogen from one adsorber at pressure through the adsorber which has
just been blown down.

Repressurisation

The adsorber is now ready to be repressurised to adsorption pressures
ready for a new run step. This is achieved by a combination of
pressure equalisation with other vessels and repressurisation with a
slip stream of pure hydrogen.

In order to maintain steady and continuous offgas flowrate Axsia
Howmar process includes an offgas drum complete with internal mixing
equipment and controls.

Axsia Howmar offgas drum control system is so designed that the drum
runs at the lowest average pressure consistent with requirements of
battery limits, thus enabling maximum PSA efficiency to be achieved.

The efficiency of Axsia Howmar's Pressure Swing Adsorption Units, in
terms of ability to recover hydrogen from the feed stream, is very
sensitive to the off-gas pressure specified for the system.

However, turndown to virtually zero product flow is possible whilst
still maintaining specified purity, although efficiency will be lost
as a consequence of the loss of accuracy of flow measurements at low
flow rates.

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 16:20:47 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #7
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901141025.00a4e400@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Reviewing this technology to date:

Ok -- trying to cut off the nay-sayers at the pass.

I have appended an example of the process I am reaching for. This example
relates to the system I am suggesting except for these changes:

1: Product Gas comes from reforming wet biomass in supercritical water.

2: I have no flu gasses to recycle waste heat from.

3: I heat exchange between product exiting from reformer to product
entering reformer.

Let me remind the list at this time -- water condenses at higher
temperature the higher the pressure! Here we are talking 5000 psi pressure.
I need not cool down my product to below 100 C to condense water while
letting product gasses past through.

If we say product coming out of reformer is 600 C -- and product coming in
reformer is 25 C -- I should be able to cool product out to 100 C and raise
product in to 500 C -- without having to mortgage to house to pay for the
heat exchanger!

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

****************

From:

http://www.r-t-o-l.com/learning/steamref.htm

--------------------------------------------------------------------

THE STEAM REFORMING PROCESS COMBINED WITH PSA (LINDE):

Pressure Swing Adsorption system (PSA)

[IMAGE]

1. Desulfurisation
The feedstock is heated together with a small stream of
recycled hydrogen and flows through a desulfurisation unit
consisting of reactors filled with hydrogenation catalyst and
zinc oxyde. The latter absorbs the hydrogen sulfide from the
feed.

2. Reformer feed superheating
The desulfurised feedstock is mixed with steam, and then
superheated by fluegas.

3. Reformer
The feed is reformed in heated high-alloy reformer tubes,
which are packed with nickel-based catalyst. Basically the
following reactions take place:
1. CnHm + nH2O ==> nCO + (n+m/2)H2
2. CO + 3H2 ==> CH4 + H2O
3. CO + H2O ==> CO2 + H2

4. Process gas cooler
After leaving the reformer, the gas is cooled from approx.
850 C to 350 C by generating steam.

5. HT CO-shift conversion
The CO in the reformed gas is converted to H2 and CO2 in
order to increase the Hydrogen yield. This is accomplished by
allowing reaction 3 to take place over a high temperature
CO-shift catalyst.

6. Heat recovery and cool down
After further cool down,whereby the feedstock and the boiler
feed water are pre-heated, and after separation of process
condensate, the process gas flowsto the purification unit.
The process condensate is normally recycled thereby reducing
the BFW consumption.

7. H2 purification
A pressure swing adsorption system (PSA) with 3 to 10
adsorbers, the number dependent on the actual size of the H2
plant and other operational aspects. The process gas passes
through regenerated adsorbers, thus being purified up to
99.9... 99.999 vol. % H2. Meanwhile, the other adsorbers are
regenerated isothermally using a controlled sequence of
depressurisation and purging steps.

8. Fuel system
Swings in the composition of the tail gas produced in the
PSA-unit are levelled out by means of a mixing drum, thus
making the gas suitable as fuel in the radiant section of the
reformer furnace. For supplementary fuel, feedstock of fuel
gas is used.

9. Flue gas duct
The flue gas from the radiant section is used for preheating
the reformer feed, the combination of air, and generating
superheated steam before passing to atmosphere via fan and
stack.

 

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From tombreed at home.com Sat Sep 1 16:56:19 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #6
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20010901135645.00a4ed00@wgs1.btl.net>
Message-ID: <00ee01c13326$e446bee0$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

Dear Peter:

Interesting exchanges on steam reforming "wet" biomass.

I think your main problem is high pressure feeding into such a unit. It has
killed many a process before. Look into STAKE and IOTECH feeders.

Still hung up on H2 as a superfuel eh? After 150 years of availability and
no takers?

Certainly H2 is the best of all fuels - except

It is expensive to make and doesn't occur naturally
It is difficult to store, having the lost mass energy density of any fuel
It is difficult to ship, same reason plus it leaks many places other fuels
won't
It is difficult to use, having a 10X higher flame speed than any other gas,
unless you dilute it highly....

But since it is not likely to succeed, it is always good for another grant,
and for the dreamers who don't recognize CO2 s critical role in Mother
Nature's scheme of thing.

Dream on!

Your well wisher, TOM REED

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
----- Original Message -----
From: "Peter Singfield" <snkm@btl.net>
To: <gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 1:11 PM
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #6

>
> Extraction of pure H2
>
> I am allowing no "Give-mees" -- I mentioned separating H2 from the product
> -- returning the methane along with CO2 and minor impurities to the
> calaytic heater firing the steam refomation process -- while resulting
with
> a pure H2 output product.
>
> There are two method to accomplish such:
>
> 1: Molecular Sieves -- or as I call it -- membrane separation -- only the
> tiny H2 molecule can pass through -- the other gasses stay to the other
> side. This works fine with small to micro applications.
>
> 2: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) -- this for the big operators -- such
as
> Dough or Tom Taylor. I have appended information on this process.
>
> Peter Singfield
> Belize / Central America
>
>
>
> From:
>
> http://www.axsia.com/totalsolutions/hydrogen/PSA%20Units/psaunits.htm
>
> Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
>
> Axsia Howmar is an established supplier, of many years standing, of
> custom built hydrogen purification systems. Axsia Howmar has
> developed a fixed bed Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process to
> produce a high purity (up to 99.999%) product stream. This adsorption
> process operates on a repeated cycle with fundamental steps of
> adsorption, purge and regeneration.
>
> The process has been well proven in service, with in excess of one
> hundred PSA units having been installed over the past twenty years.
>
> Axsia Howmar, in conjunction with its technology partner Bayer AG,
> continue to develop the PSA process which allows the flowrates and
> purity rates required in todays market to be achieved.
>
> Bayer are a leading manufacturer of high quality molecular sieves and
> have developed a range specifically for the pressure swing adsorption
> applications.
>
> Axsia Howmar's process takes impure feed gas and passes it through
> the feedgas strainer into one adsorber vessel at pressure. The gas is
> passed over one or more adsorbent beds, which selectively adsorb the
> impurities, leaving a high purity hydrogen product. Feed flow
> continues through the bed until the bed is short of being fully
> saturated with impurities, and the feed gas is then automatically
> switched to a clean adsorber. The loaded adsorber is taken off line
> for regeneration.
>
> Regeneration is the process of desorbing the impurities which were
> adsorbed during the adsorption step, followed by repressurisation to
> adsorption pressure so that the cycle can be repeated. There are 3
> basic steps to the regeneration process:- Depressurisation, Purging
> and Repressurisation.
>
> Depressurisation
>
> At the end of the adsorption step, the adsorber vessel contains a
> significant amount of high purity hydrogen in the void volume of the
> adsorbent bed. Much of this hydrogen is saved by pressure
> equalisation with other vessels, after which the adsorber is blown
> down to low pressure in preparation for the next step.
>
> Purging
>
> The impurities remaining after blow down are removed by passing
> hydrogen from one adsorber at pressure through the adsorber which has
> just been blown down.
>
> Repressurisation
>
> The adsorber is now ready to be repressurised to adsorption pressures
> ready for a new run step. This is achieved by a combination of
> pressure equalisation with other vessels and repressurisation with a
> slip stream of pure hydrogen.
>
> In order to maintain steady and continuous offgas flowrate Axsia
> Howmar process includes an offgas drum complete with internal mixing
> equipment and controls.
>
> Axsia Howmar offgas drum control system is so designed that the drum
> runs at the lowest average pressure consistent with requirements of
> battery limits, thus enabling maximum PSA efficiency to be achieved.
>
> The efficiency of Axsia Howmar's Pressure Swing Adsorption Units, in
> terms of ability to recover hydrogen from the feed stream, is very
> sensitive to the off-gas pressure specified for the system.
>
> However, turndown to virtually zero product flow is possible whilst
> still maintaining specified purity, although efficiency will be lost
> as a consequence of the loss of accuracy of flow measurements at low
> flow rates.
>
>
> -
> Gasification List Archives:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
>
> Gasification List Moderator:
> Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> www.webpan.com/BEF
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>
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> -
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> http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Sat Sep 1 16:57:14 2001
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
In-Reply-To: <00b301c132e7$6d3f8c80$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20010901135108.00dcd4c0@pop3.norton.antivirus>

Jerry,

Check the following URL, which you should also find at the bottom of every
CREST bioenergy email list message.

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/

Regards,

Tom Miles

At 12:21 PM 9/1/01 -0700, jerry dycus wrote:
> Hi Tom and All,
> How do I get info on the conference in
>Orlando? I would like to meet you and others there.
> Thanks,
> jerry dycus
>--- Thomas Reed <tombreed@home.com> wrote:
> > Dear Andries, Jerod and all:
> >
> > Tars are the Achilles Heel of biomass gasification
> > and we had better all
> > know how to measure them!
> >
> > I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach
> > Smoke Meter for
> > determining tar and particulate levels in producer
> > gas, and I will present
> > the results as a poster at Orlando.
> >
> > Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to
> > coordinate very well
> > with methane levels.
> >
> > When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis
> > reaction without cracking),
> > tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.
> >
> > When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.
> >
> > Any comments?
> >
> > TOM REED
> >
> >
> > Dr. Thomas Reed
> > The Biomass Energy Foundation
> > 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
> > 303 278 0558;
> > tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
>
>
>__________________________________________________
>Do You Yahoo!?
>Get email alerts & NEW webcam video instant messaging with Yahoo! Messenger
>http://im.yahoo.com
>
>-
>Gasification List Archives:
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>
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Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 16:59:50 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #8
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901144638.009a8b10@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Liquid metal heat exchanging:

Now -- onto the one single "trick" that brings this all together and makes
it work at a very reasonable price.

Liquid metal boilers!

Liquid metal is an incredibly rapid way of transferring heat from one point
to another.

Why is this important in the present example?

The steam reforming reaction chamber must be heated! How to do this?

Well, we have a catalytic burners -- but listen up! Can they get enough
heat energy production from the limited surface area available?

What do I mean?

Well, just what is this reaction chamber -- operating at 600 C and 5000 psi
going to look like??

Due to the pressure and temperature conditions -- it has to be a long,
small diameter, tube. A cylinder.

Can you wrap enough catalytic heaters around this to do the job -- no!

CST informs us that we can expect about 1000 kW/m2 -- and that will not be
enough.

So here is the trick -- you attach a liquid metal boiler to this circuit.
Now -- you can have the surface area you want on the heat in side -- and
all the heat you need at the other end -- no matter how small the surface
area.

Liquid metal boilers -- oh wow -- that is to expensive, to complicated and
to dangerous!

Not at all. The operate at zero pressure. Zinc die cast alloy #3 (the metal
of choice in all my past efforts in this area of endeavor) is inexpensive
and excellent for the 450 C to 1000 C applications. It is a neutral allow
and even plain iron can contain it without being dissolved by it. Else --
there would be no die casting industry if they dissolved their iron molds
-- would there??

Liquid metal heat exchangers/boilers are OK -- but get used to draining
them hot -- and filling them hot. As these metals contract when cooled and
terrific pressure if surrounding any "tube". However - in the past -- I
have avoided this problem by judicious application of vanes --

For all practical purposes -- a liquid metal heat exchange allows heat
transfers at rates only dreamed about in most thermal reactions.

In the flow "drawings" I will supply at the end -- one will see that very
little metal is required. And how easy it is to apply.

A well insulated liquid metal heat exchanger loses almost no heat -- simply
transfers heat from source to end use.

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central America

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From tombreed at home.com Sat Sep 1 17:05:36 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
In-Reply-To: <20010901192159.98983.qmail@web14005.mail.yahoo.com>
Message-ID: <011c01c13328$29a879a0$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

Dear Jerry and All:

The 5th International BIomass Conference of the Americas (Sept. 17-21,
Orlando, FL) is fully detailed at

www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam

(I just tried it.)

Hope to see all of you there and get to know the faces behind the talkers
and the lurkers. If you can't make it, proceedings will be available in a
few months for $25 - what a deal.

Yours truly, TOM REED (Moderator Gasification)

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
----- Original Message -----
From: "jerry dycus" <jerry5335@yahoo.com>
To: "Thomas Reed" <tombreed@home.com>; "Weststeijn A" <A.Weststeijn@epz.nl>;
"gasification" <gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 1:21 PM
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators

> Hi Tom and All,
> How do I get info on the conference in
> Orlando? I would like to meet you and others there.
> Thanks,
> jerry dycus
> --- Thomas Reed <tombreed@home.com> wrote:
> > Dear Andries, Jerod and all:
> >
> > Tars are the Achilles Heel of biomass gasification
> > and we had better all
> > know how to measure them!
> >
> > I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach
> > Smoke Meter for
> > determining tar and particulate levels in producer
> > gas, and I will present
> > the results as a poster at Orlando.
> >
> > Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to
> > coordinate very well
> > with methane levels.
> >
> > When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis
> > reaction without cracking),
> > tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.
> >
> > When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.
> >
> > Any comments?
> >
> > TOM REED
> >
> >
> > Dr. Thomas Reed
> > The Biomass Energy Foundation
> > 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
> > 303 278 0558;
> > tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
>
>
> __________________________________________________
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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 17:52:20 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901154338.009a67a0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Yes -- you are very correct there Tom R. I am working on the assumption
that fuel cells are soon to be "viable".

However -- if you go back to my very first postings on steam reforming of
biomasses -- that a few years back -- you will see that I originally was
thinking "methane" for IC engine power plants.

some one on the list immediately brought up that was foolish -- that the
ideal fuel was H2 -- might have even been you -- and that synthesis gas was
best!

Not just as fuel -- but as a base to make all other kinds of products from.

In any case -- the same machine can make methane or H2 -- take you pick --
just though the appropriate switch -- temperatures and pressure are then
adjusted accordingly.

It is much easier to make methane in the reforming process than synthesis
gas or "pure" H2.

We have a clear example posted to this list just a while back -- gives a
fine -- real life -- example of the methane/hydrogen shift. Generally
speaking -- at atmospheric pressures -- steam reforming yields almost pure
methane at 1200 F and very rich synthesis gas at 1800 F

The super critical water process is nice because it works on "wet"
biomasses -- especially sugar cane! Higher pressure -- lower temperature --
now lower the pressure -- or lower the temperature -- or do both -- and it
shifts to more methane -- much less H2 -- take your pick!

(Hey -- try to do any of this with a "gasifier")

(And -- looks like the list is "waking" up again?)

here it is:

(Peter Singfield / Belize)

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From: Ariel Rotstein <Arotstein@ormat.com>
To: gasification@crest.org
Date: Tue, 27 Mar 2001 14:26:41 +0200
Subject: GAS-L: Syngas genset

Hello,

I have noticed the syngas composition did not go through so I am re-sending
my inquiry:

I am running an experiment of producing syngas (Gas rich with Hydrogen) and
feeding it to a reciprocating gas engine, the composition of the syngas
varies according to the process temperature from syngas I to syngas III as
follows:.

Composition [moll - %]
Gas Syngas I Syngas II Syngas III

Methane 0.296037 0.14331 0.020385
Carbon Monoxide 0.038796 0.100443 0.189042
Carbon Dioxide 0.185704 0.14857 0.088326
Hydrogen 0.477759 0.607774 0.702234
Density 6.22 5.35 4.54
Net heating value
(60 Deg. F)[kj/kg] 24353 22592 21968
Vol. LHV [kj/m^3] 151398 120783 99694

The gas conditions are at 25 Deg. C and 10 bar

The gas can be supplied at 10-50 Deg. C and at constant pressure in the
range of 10-15 barg to the engine.

If needed it is also possible to start the engine with liquid fuel or LPG
and then change over to the syngas.

The area the engine will be placed is classified as Class 1 Div.2 Group B
because of the Hydrogen presence.

The electrical output of the engine should be in the range of 100-400
kWe.(No heat recovery needed)

Can anyone direct me to a company that could supply a gas engine that could
stand in this specifications?

 

Regards,
Ariel Rotstein

*******************************************

At 02:47 PM 9/1/2001 -0600, you wrote:
>Dear Peter:
>
>PS: Oh yes, and the only justification for "pure H2" as a fuel (as opposed
>to H2 in methane, methanol, producer gas etc.) is the proton membrane fuel
>cell. When/if that is prevalent we can convert all the CO in synthesis and
>producer gas very simply to H2 with several processes now developed or
>developing....
>
>Tom Reed
>
>
> Dr. Thomas Reed

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 17:53:00 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901154404.00a49bb0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Tom R --

>Dream on!

Want to bet you will be dreaming at the same wave-length once I finish this
series?

"Pumping" a slurry to 6000 PSI (leaving an extra 1000 to speed things
along) using a long stroke piston/ram pump though a check valve -- on the
"cold" side -- is a piece of cake. Further -- just part of the expended
energy from the 5000 psi reaction pressure will operate those pumps! So I
even recover that potential loss of energy!

The entire flow diagram is so "simple" you'll probably die laughing!!

And yes -- no problem charging tanks at 2000 psi pressure -- or 5000 psi --
if you want to "store" H2 the old fashioned way.

None of this gas-bag stuff ---

You'll certainly chuckle when you see the flow diagram -- which I will send
out as a file attached -- when the time comes.

I doubt if anyone on this list will ever build it -- and certainly I am in
no position to -- but I'll take bets that eventually this will be the
solution to gasifying biomasses -- or coal -- as far as that goes.

Coal/water slurries have been around for a long time indeed.

By the way -- this will be a continuous process application -- not a batch
process.

Boy -- has the "modern" world become a desert of innovative ideas or what?
Now we look to Israel or New Zealand -- small little spin-offs of modern
world -- for interest in innovative ideas. (and don't forget even tiny
Belize!)

I'll send copies of the finished "paper" to Ormat and CST -- they certainly
will look real hard at this.

But America and Europe -- not in the next 1000 years. No more Tom Edison
types in the US -- or even Henry Fords -- it is all Harvard business School
graduates running things now -- and with a recession in the air -- the
first thing they stop is R&D -- then they lay off employees -- everywhere
-- big time. so the US government has to take social Security funds to pay
the light bills at government house!!

You guys can look/see -- but you can develop -- not any more.

Tom R -- don't you just wish we could turn the clock back!

And here is the real "kicker" Tom -- who says "only" H2??

Pure methane is even easier to make through steam reforming -- and that
will run any gas IC engine at top ratings and efficiencies -- certainly
much better than gasifier -- producer gas -- product!!

Eat your hearts out guys --

Peter

At 02:44 PM 9/1/2001 -0600, you wrote:
>Dear Peter:
>
>Interesting exchanges on steam reforming "wet" biomass.
>
>I think your main problem is high pressure feeding into such a unit. It has
>killed many a process before. Look into STAKE and IOTECH feeders.
>
>Still hung up on H2 as a superfuel eh? After 150 years of availability and
>no takers?
>
>Certainly H2 is the best of all fuels - except
>
>It is expensive to make and doesn't occur naturally
>It is difficult to store, having the lost mass energy density of any fuel
>It is difficult to ship, same reason plus it leaks many places other fuels
>won't
>It is difficult to use, having a 10X higher flame speed than any other gas,
>unless you dilute it highly....
>
>But since it is not likely to succeed, it is always good for another grant,
>and for the dreamers who don't recognize CO2 s critical role in Mother
>Nature's scheme of thing.
>
>Dream on!
>
>Your well wisher, TOM REED
>
> Dr. Thomas Reed
> The Biomass Energy Foundation
> 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
>303 278 0558;
>tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com

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From snkm at btl.net Sat Sep 1 17:53:39 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010901154252.00a506b0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Well Dick -- I am going to hand you the proper methology --

Just put my name is some tiny cornier somewhere -- a place no one will ever
see it unless they know where to look.

After all -- who in their right mind hires innovators these days when all
they have to do is sit around and wait for some one else to "give" it to them?

One thing for sure -- Brazil definitely fits the definition of a technology
"doer" -- especially when compared to the US or Europe! They died a few
years ago but have not realized it as of yet -- small brain large body --
takes time for the message to "reach".

Peter Singfield
Belize / Central American (Half way to Brazil)
[Have innovative "intuition" and willing to travel]

At 04:27 PM 9/1/2001 -0400, you wrote:
>Hello Peter --
>
>That's what we're doing in Brazil and have tried to do in Nicaragua and
>Honduras -- our way though.
>
>Best, Dick
>Dick Glick, PhD
>
>President
>
>Corporation for Future Resources
>
>1909 Chowkeebin Court
>
>Tallahassee, Florida 32301
>
>Phone: 850-942-2022
>
>Email: dglickd@pipeline.com
>
>URL: www.CorpFutRes.com
>
>A specific Brazilian prototype project, also applicable to Florida, is found
>at:
>
>http://wire0.ises.org/entry.nsf/E?Open&project&00031306
>
>
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: "Peter Singfield" <snkm@btl.net>
>To: <gasification@crest.org>
>Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 2:07 PM
>Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
>
>
>> At 02:29 PM 9/1/2001 -0400, you wrote:
>> >Hello All --
>> >
>> >Supercritical water technology, in the presence of air = oxygen, has been
>> >around for some time focusing on destruction of hazardous and biological
>> >wastes -- works well -- but even then costs have been the deterrent to
>> >feasibility.
>> >
>> >Best, Dick
>> >
>>
>> Exactly Dick!!
>>
>> Stick around -- I will be outlining a method of doing this process very
>> economically -- and extremely efficiently.
>>
>> It appears that only 3rd world engineers have a grasp on mechanical
>> realities. Modern world is simply to used to huge amounts of money around
>> to make everything to complicated -- the proverbial plumbers night-mare.
>>
>> In fact -- under the present economic system -- it must always be kept to
>> complicated -- other wise everyone would be doing it.
>>
>> when the US was a free enterprise system -- they advanced at an incredible
>> rate. But now -- it simply can never happen there anymore.
>>
>> There is a very simple solution to all the problems involved with this
>> process. So simple I would rather try to build a steam reformer along what
>> I will outline that the conventional gasifier -- with all its gas
>cleaning,
>> fuel conditioning -- tars -- etc -- devices as presently manifested so
>> often on this list.
>>
>> Patience -- wait for the series to be completed -- then you tell me!
>>
>> In fact -- then you can "steal" it!! That is the only way changes get into
>> modern world these days! Claim it as your idea and sell it to your boss --
>>
>> (I am not refering to you personally Dick -- just outlining how the system
>> operates)
>>
>> Peter Singfield
>> Belize / Central America
>>
>> -
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>> http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
>>
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>> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>>
>
>

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From arnt at c2i.net Sat Sep 1 18:36:24 2001
From: arnt at c2i.net (Arnt Karlsen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: ..gas docs licensing and pricing, was: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
Message-ID: <3B916205.24A0A5D5@c2i.net>

On Sat, 1 Sep 2001 14:53:32 -0600,
"Thomas Reed" <tombreed@home.com> wrote in
<011c01c13328$29a879a0$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>:

> Dear Jerry and All:
>
> The 5th International BIomass Conference of the Americas (Sept. 17-21,
> Orlando, FL) is fully detailed at
>
> www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam
>
> (I just tried it.)
>
> Hope to see all of you there and get to know the faces behind the
> talkers and the lurkers. If you can't make it, proceedings will be
> available in a few months for $25 - what a deal.

..25 US $ is a lot of money, for some people.
This also assumes the _solved_ chicken-and-egg problem of
_knowing_ the purchase is worthwhile, _before_ buying it.

..this apply to all docs. Do we have a list of (both in the beer
and speech sense of the word) free documentation resources online for
thermochemical gasification technology, to where we can point people?

..about 10 years ago, Linus Torvalds asked for help developing
his own operating system, which he offered for free and fair
to the public. The linux kernel hackers wound up having Linus
license Linux under the Gnu Public License. Which allows anyone
to get, use, modify and re-publish the licensed code for free,
but only under the same license. They were some 10 - 30 people
off and on.

..with the power prices and outages in California, there is a
demand for equipment that can keep a business open and in business
while the grid is down. WWII Imberts feeding V-8's turning 2 pole
"motors with capasitors" at 3652 rpms, will do the job, and without
competition over the next 2 years too, until the new power plants
gets built.

..we're still about 500 people. The Gnu/Linux users are now
well past 20 million. We must be doing something wrong here.

--
..med vennlig hilsen = with Kind Regards from Arnt... ;-)

Scenarios always come in sets of three:
best case, worst case, and just in case.

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From arnt at c2i.net Sat Sep 1 19:11:05 2001
From: arnt at c2i.net (Arnt Karlsen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
Message-ID: <3B916A26.1CC26BF6@c2i.net>

On Sat, 1 Sep 2001 14:53:32 -0600,
"Thomas Reed" <tombreed@home.com> wrote in
<011c01c13328$29a879a0$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>:

> Dear Jerry and All:
>
> The 5th International BIomass Conference of the Americas (Sept. 17-21,
> Orlando, FL) is fully detailed at
>
> www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam
>
> (I just tried it.)

..looks promising. Sorry, wont make it,
Parliament election here on the 10'th.

>
> Hope to see all of you there and get to know the faces behind the
> talkers and the lurkers. If you can't make it, proceedings will be
> available in a few months for $25 - what a deal.

...and this includes movies of tours of the exhibits and
the field trips?

--
..med vennlig hilsen = with Kind Regards from Arnt... ;-)

Scenarios always come in sets of three:
best case, worst case, and just in case.

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From shuster at zol.co.zw Sun Sep 2 01:15:57 2001
From: shuster at zol.co.zw (shuster)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: GASIFIER CAST ENTIRELY FROM HIGH TEMP RESISTANT CLAY
In-Reply-To: <000201c13056$601b3100$2ff6fcd8@Default>
Message-ID: <002c01c1336e$2447f800$0cf6fcd8@Default>

THANKS FOR THE COMMENT.
MAYBE YOU COULD FIND OUT IF SOMEONE IN S.A.(EG CLAY PIPE MANUFACTURERS)
COULD CAST MY GASIFIER IN HIGH TEMP RESISTANT CLAY
WITH SAY 50MM WALL THICKNESS.
ANYONE CARE TO COMMENT
BEST REGARDS,
ASHLEY
----- Original Message -----
From: gtyler <gtyler@mweb.co.za>
To: shuster <shuster@zol.co.zw>
Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 2:30 PM
Subject: Re: GAS-L: design parameters ,fuel
consumption,constructionmaterials-GASIFIERS

> Hi ASHLEY,
> I had some success lining the inside with clay made from ground up
> ant hill!
> George Tyler,
> Durban, South Africa
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: shuster <shuster@zol.co.zw>
> To: GASIFICATION <gasification@crest.org>
> Sent: Wednesday, August 29, 2001 8:10 AM
> Subject: Fw: GAS-L: design parameters ,fuel
> consumption,constructionmaterials-GASIFIERS
>
>
> >
> > I AM NOW ADDING 6 KGS PER HR OFSTEAM .THIS HAS CONSIDERABLE REDUCED THE
> > TEMP OF THE GASIFIER WITHOUT EFFECTING ENGINE OUTPUT OR
> > BIOMASS CONSUMPTION.
>
>

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From A.Weststeijn at epz.nl Sun Sep 2 07:15:53 2001
From: A.Weststeijn at epz.nl (Weststeijn A)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: RE: Tar sampling and analysis response time
Message-ID: <E1780666C205D211B6740008C728DBFE9F5165@sp0016.epz.nl>

Dear Tom Reed,

You write on Sept 1st:
> I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach Smoke Meter for
> determining tar and particulate levels in producer gas, and I will present
> the results as a poster at Orlando.
>
What is your current guestimate of the practical cycle time for these tar
measurements in order to get meaningful data during process adjustments?
In the order of minutes?

The German Tar Analyzer manufacturer Ratfisch mentions "120 seconds" per
data point (or data set?)
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Ratfisch/ta120-d.htm

The Dutch ECN research institute mentions under "Gas Analysis" a cycle time
of 1-2 minutes.
Quote:
"Furthermore, for the measurement of N2, Ar, C2H4, C2H6, Benzene, toluene,
xylenes, H2S and COS micro GC's are available which carry out a complete
analysis within 1 - 2 minutes".
http://www.ecn.nl/fossil/analysis/main.html

I am interested to hear from more people who have actual operating
experience with fast tar analysis under adjusting operating conditions.
How does it work out in reality? What are realistic measurement+analysis
cycle times to expect? How and where does one has to compromise if still
faster responses are desired?

> Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to coordinate very well
> with methane levels.
> When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis reaction without
> cracking),
> tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.
> When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.
>
That is an interesting observation.
Do you think that methane could be used as a "quick reacting tracer gas",
providing a fast response as to the direction (higher or lower) the tar
levels are heading during process adjustments and optimization?

best regards,
Andries Weststeijn

> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Weststeijn A" <A.Weststeijn@epz.nl>
> To: "'Crest Gasification List'" <gasification@crest.org>
> Sent: Thursday, August 30, 2001 8:07 AM
> Subject: GAS-L: Tar sampling and analysis response time
>
>
> > Dear List members,
> >
> > From an engineering and operational point of view, I am interested in
> the
> > attainable response time (cycle time) of a singular tar sampling &
> analysis
> > system connected to the outlet duct of a gasifier and/or pyrolysis
> > equipment.
> >
> > When -in reality- different process conditions are imposed on the
> > manufacturing of product gas or pyrolysis gas in order to optimize
> process
> > conditions, fuel blend and/or CFB bed make-up, the actual cycle time of
> the
> > tar measurements will greatly determine the progress of the optimization
> > work.
> > Purpose of the optimization work here is assumed to be the minimization
> of
> > both gaseous light tars as well as heavy condensable tars.
> > Both lab work and field work experience is appreciated.
> > Orders of magitude are also wellcome.
> >
> > I realize that for practical conditions two parallel systems can
> accomplish
> > more than one singular system.
> > So, my question is specifically related to the response time of a
> singular
> > system.
> >
> > best regards,
> > Andries Weststeijn
> >
> > -
> > Gasification List Archives:
> > http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
> >
> > Gasification List Moderator:
> > Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> > www.webpan.com/BEF
> > List-Post: <mailto:bioenergy@crest.org>
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> >
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> > -
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> > http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
> >
>

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From piolenc at mozcom.com Sun Sep 2 20:22:46 2001
From: piolenc at mozcom.com (F. Marc de Piolenc)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:39 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Supercritical "steam" reforming
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20010901154404.00a49bb0@wgs1.btl.net>
Message-ID: <3B91AB72.2A038F37@mozcom.com>

Dear Peter,

I was trying to put my finger on what was bugging me about your plan,
and it was making my brain itch. I've finally figured out what it was.

Supercritical water can't be condensed, because it is no longer a gas or
a liquid, but a supercritical fluid with no phase change that you can
use for separation. Thus, to separate the hydrolysis products from the
water, it will have to be depressurized below the critical pressure,
which is about 3200 psi, below which condensation can finally occur.
You'll still be far above the critical pressure of hydrogen (12.8 atm).
I don't have the critical properties of methane handy.

Marc de Piolenc

 

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From piolenc at mozcom.com Tue Sep 4 11:36:28 2001
From: piolenc at mozcom.com (F. Marc de Piolenc)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Supercritical "steam" reforming
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20010903073222.0090d4d0@wgs1.btl.net>
Message-ID: <3B943C3F.6349023F@mozcom.com>

Peter Singfield wrote:

>
> Not at 100 Deg. Centigrade!!

You're right. I dug up my thermo texts. Above critical pressure the only
thing that changes as you remove heat is that the substance changes from
a supercritical fluid to a liquid without going through saturation. So
yes, there is a phase change possible once you drop below Tcrit, which
for water is about 275 degrees C. At that temperature and pressure,
hydrogen will still be above its critical point. The hydrogen will be
much less dense than the water, but I'm curious about solubility and
diffusivity, both of which will influence separation. Do you have the
necessary data? If so, can you post them? This is terra incognita for
me.

> Or, technically -- all high pressure water washers are operating super
> critical?

I doubt that high pressure washers operate above 3200 psi, though there
is a new generation of washers that use CO2 above its critical pressure
for cleaning in applications that used to involve solvents frowned on by
the EPA.

Marc de Piolenc

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 11:39:20 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Supercritical "steam" reforming
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010903073222.0090d4d0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Hi Mark;

Not at 100 Deg. Centigrade!!

Or, technically -- all high pressure water washers are operating super
critical?

Even if so -- observe one in action -- it is a liquid coming out.

But even in such a "mysterious" event -- look at the flow diagram --
separate the water from gas after the pressure regulator --

And last -- the gases will be more super critical than the water and of
less density -- by a large factor -- and still go to the top of the
"separator".

You can compress any fluid/gas to its super critical number -- but keeping
the heat.

In this case we are taking out the heat.

Hmm -- wonder what the super critical number (pressure) is for hydraulic
oil?? As in high pressure hydraulic systems.

With out the "heat" it is simply a compressed fluid/liquid.

Peter / Belize

At 11:45 AM 9/2/2001 +0800, you wrote:
>Dear Peter,
>
>I was trying to put my finger on what was bugging me about your plan,
>and it was making my brain itch. I've finally figured out what it was.
>
>Supercritical water can't be condensed, because it is no longer a gas or
>a liquid, but a supercritical fluid with no phase change that you can
>use for separation. Thus, to separate the hydrolysis products from the
>water, it will have to be depressurized below the critical pressure,
>which is about 3200 psi, below which condensation can finally occur.
>You'll still be far above the critical pressure of hydrogen (12.8 atm).
>I don't have the critical properties of methane handy.
>
>Marc de Piolenc
>
>
>
>-
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>
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>
>

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 11:43:19 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Supercritical "steam" reforming -comments
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010904083556.00912e10@wgs1.btl.net>

 

> Have you done the math on the tubing pressure and heat tolerance? How
>about hydrogen embrittlement?

Valid point Tom -- but notice -- I avoid that problem for the immediate by
producing methane -- not H2.

OK -- there will be traces -- but a 2 in ID by 1 in wall A106 carbon steel
will take a long time to degrade in a methane mostly converter -- and is
and easy replacement.

This system is right down your road -- gas for IC engines. Only not just
power plants -- but using high pressure tanks -- your vehicle as well.

And last -- all those systems out there running natural gas -- which is
mostly methane -- including fuel cells.

Ergo -- if you want synthesis gas with lots of H2 -- use a separate
reformer -- this present model is for biomass to methane conversion.
Converting methane to syngas is a given at any time using any one of a
number of commercial systems -- or even the build in systems coming with
the new fuel cells.

As for tubing pressure and heat tolerance -- no problems at those
conditions using economical A106 carbon steel. Just keep it thick walled.

Any boiler tube company can supply this stuff.

The main problem with A106 is outside flame and hot gas erosion -- as it
would see under normal boiler tube use -- but in this case -- infra-red
from a catalytic burner -- no problemo. Should last forever and one day --
or close to it.

Peter

At 10:12 AM 9/4/2001 EDT, you wrote:
>Peter,
> Have you done the math on the tubing pressure and heat tolerance? How
>about hydrogen embrittlement? I have very short lifetime of mild steels in
>the hydrogen environment of my low pressure gasifier. There is a company in
>Philadelphia working on this and proposed the process for the hog industry,
>they did some investigation and turned away.
>
>
>
>Sincerely,
>Leland T. Taylor
> President
> Thermogenics Inc.
>7100-2nd St. NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
>phone 505-761-1454 fax 505-761-1456
>Attached files are zipped and can be decompressed with <A
>HREF="http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/">www.aladdinsys.com/expander/ </A>
>

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 11:50:34 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: RE: Liquid Metal Info
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010904093201.00917750@wgs1.btl.net>

At 10:27 AM 9/4/2001 -0400, you wrote:
>I am intrigued, what do you mean by vanes?
>

You apply two vanes -- longitudinally -- this separates the cooling metal
into two "halves" of 180 deg -- can't establish a grip to squeeze -- just
shrinks and hardens.

 

>Also, have you seen the cooling zinc crush a tube. Especially
>one holding 5000 psi. Seems to me that at the freezing temperature
>of Zinc, the steel tube would be very strong and the zinc weak.
>

It crushed the tube when we stopped the process. I have no idea how many
pounds pressure is involved in a shrinking metal solidifying about a
central tube. It has to be some incredible number. But I believe they use
the shrinkage pressure of molten iron to make artificial diamonds from
chunks of graphite?

>Finally, do you do anything to contain the liquid to avoid spills of
>liquid metal.

You leave a vented expansion chamber at the top. In the flow diagram -- all
is covered with insulation. In case of a major leak -- the insulation can
be so designed to allow the molten metal to pour out from one designated
spot into a catch ment.

Remember -- the molten zinc is under no pressure -- except gravity.

Regarding leaks of pressurized gas into molten zinc. This happened to us
once many years ago. The end result was a scrapped heat exchanger -- the
zinc liquid changed to zinc oxide. I suppose hydrogen was released.

There was no explosion. Remember -- there is not that much material in that
length of tube at any one time.

In the devices I worked with -- the insulation was vermiculite -- hard packed.

The liquid metal heat exchanger -- almost exactly as shown in the flow
diagram -- but only 18 in long -- and .75 in ID -- then surrounded with the
tube containing the liquid metal -- then surrounded with an 8 in ID 1/4 in
wall tube -- vermiculite packed between -- two end caps -- allowing central
tube to protrude from both ends -- one, entrance (injection) the other,
exit (valving).

The insulation cavity was vented. The first prototype enclosed the liquid
metal bath entirely -- big mistake. Later versions allowed expansion on the
top -- had vanes to break up shrinkage -- and was top vented. That worked
fine.

I have lost the few pictures taken from that period -- otherwise could scan
them in.

Peter Singfield

Belize

>
>Respectfully,
>Mike Norris
>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: Peter Singfield [SMTP:snkm@btl.net]
>> Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 3:53 PM
>> To: gasification@crest.org
>> Subject: Liquid Metal Info
>>
>>
>> Liquid metal heat exchanging:
>>
>>
>> Now -- onto the one single "trick" that brings this all together and makes
>> it work at a very reasonable price.
>>
>> Liquid metal boilers!
>>
>> Liquid metal is an incredibly rapid way of transferring heat from one
>> point
>> to another.
>>
>> Why is this important in the present example?
>>
>> The steam reforming reaction chamber must be heated! How to do this?
>>
>> Well, we have a catalytic burners -- but listen up! Can they get enough
>> heat energy production from the limited surface area available?
>>
>> What do I mean?
>>
>> Well, just what is this reaction chamber -- operating at 600 C and 5000
>> psi
>> going to look like??
>>
>> Due to the pressure and temperature conditions -- it has to be a long,
>> small diameter, tube. A cylinder.
>>
>> Can you wrap enough catalytic heaters around this to do the job -- no!
>>
>> CST informs us that we can expect about 1000 kW/m2 -- and that will not be
>> enough.
>>
>> So here is the trick -- you attach a liquid metal boiler to this circuit.
>> Now -- you can have the surface area you want on the heat in side -- and
>> all the heat you need at the other end -- no matter how small the surface
>> area.
>>
>> Liquid metal boilers -- oh wow -- that is to expensive, to complicated and
>> to dangerous!
>>
>> Not at all. The operate at zero pressure. Zinc die cast alloy #3 (the
>> metal
>> of choice in all my past efforts in this area of endeavor) is inexpensive
>> and excellent for the 450 C to 1000 C applications. It is a neutral allow
>> and even plain iron can contain it without being dissolved by it. Else --
>> there would be no die casting industry if they dissolved their iron molds
>> -- would there??
>>
>> Liquid metal heat exchangers/boilers are OK -- but get used to draining
>> them hot -- and filling them hot. As these metals contract when cooled and
>> terrific pressure if surrounding any "tube". However - in the past -- I
>> have avoided this problem by judicious application of vanes --
>>
>> For all practical purposes -- a liquid metal heat exchange allows heat
>> transfers at rates only dreamed about in most thermal reactions.
>>
>> In the flow "drawings" I will supply at the end -- one will see that very
>> little metal is required. And how easy it is to apply.
>>
>> A well insulated liquid metal heat exchanger loses almost no heat --
>> simply
>> transfers heat from source to end use.
>>
>> Peter Singfield
>> Belize / Central America
>>
>> -
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>>
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>

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From r at costarica.net Tue Sep 4 11:57:20 2001
From: r at costarica.net (Roy Lent)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Why?
In-Reply-To: <3B916205.24A0A5D5@c2i.net>
Message-ID: <200109041300.f84D08S22584@mail.costarica.net>

Why is it that neither using the supposed system to
unsuscribe nor sending a letter to the list operator will
unsubscribe one from this list? I used to think ill of
those who send messages to the entire list trying to
unswubscribe. Now I know it is the only way to be heard, at
least on this list! I ask the pardon of all list members
but I want to unsuscribe.

___________________________________-

A man needs a wife because sooner or later something is going to happen that he can't blame on the government.

Roy Lent

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From claush at et.dtu.dk Tue Sep 4 11:57:30 2001
From: claush at et.dtu.dk (Claus Hindsgaul)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: ..gas docs licensing and pricing
In-Reply-To: <3B916205.24A0A5D5@c2i.net>
Message-ID: <200109041229863.SM01044@there>

søndag den 2. september 2001 00:32 skrev Arnt Karlsen:
> ..this apply to all docs. Do we have a list of (both in the beer
> and speech sense of the word) free documentation resources online for
> thermochemical gasification technology, to where we can point people?

I know of no such central list, but here at the Biomass Gasification Group at
DTU we have just started to discuss alternatives to scientific journals. The
main reason being the positive responses from all over the world to our
publication list on the web. It contain downloadable PDF files of every
recent publication of ours that we could obtain permission for from the
conferences or journals in question (
http://www.et.dtu.dk/halmfortet/publications/ ). Indeed it could have a far
nicer interface. We may get around improving it sometime....

Maybe somebody should produce a meta-list of freely available papers? For a
start we could include links to other collections (not single papers) on our
web site. If you know of any such interesting collections of scientific
papers in the area of gasification, please post them to thist list. This will
surely be welcomed by other readers as well.

More drastic "open content" movements are beginning to emerge in other
scientific areas. We may soon see the end of expensive scientific paper
journals. See e.g. this article on the open source news site, Slashdot "New
Ideas for Scientific Publishing Online":
http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=99/07/28/0219237&mode=thread

Sincerely,

Claus Hindsgaul

--
Research Assistant Claus Hindsgaul
Danish Technical University (DTU), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
Phone: (+45) 4525 4174, Fax: (+45) 4593 5761, http://www.et.dtu.dk/Halmfortet
claush@mek.dtu.dk

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 11:59:16 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Catalyst
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010903084716.00905100@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Hi John;

>Peter, this is right down your lane. Some thoughts from you.!

I can't see why this would not work! And the catalysts at:

http://www.condar.com/combustor.html

Presents an economical introduction to catalysts that could function for
this purpose. Just give them a credit card number -- and you'll have one in
less than 48 hrs!!

Standard unit is 40 kw (heat) -- but that would be 40 kw on the gas flow --
not the entire process -- so quite large.

Up to 10,000 hr life expectancy!

For sure -- the 5.25 in circular model would not be a big deal to fit in
the gas product line coming out of a gasifier? And they have enough heat in
the product -- at the exit point -- to reform the small amounts of tar
there. They might not need to inject steam -- should be enough H2O still
there???

They might not even need to inject more air.

There is no reason from a scientific perspective that tars can be reduced
to almost zero levels in this manner.

We just need one brave soul innovator on this list -- with a functioning
gasifier -- to try it!

It could solve the tar problem for IC engines big time -- and at very
little cost. Thus reducing the prices of gasifiers/I.C. engine power plant
systems dramatically -- while improving reliability.

Hoping some one will play around in this area ---

Peter Singfield

Belize -- Central America

At 01:10 PM 8/29/2001 +0200, you wrote:
>----- Original Message -----
>Subject: Re: GAS-L: Checking out Catalytic burners
>
>
>> On Sun, 26 Aug 2001, Peter Singfield wrote:
>>
>> > I a continuing a quick study of this field. But to date -- looks like an
>> > easy and inexpensive experiment to pass hot product gas through one of
>> > these devices to "reform" tars -- solving one of the problems with
>product
>> > gas powering an IC engine.
>>
>> How? The process taking place on the cathalyst is combustion, i.e.
>> /oxidation/. I fail to see how tars in the gas could be reduced
>> by cathalytic combustion, when there is no oxygen in the gas.
>>
>> Also, the temperatures in a gasifier must always be way above the 1000°F
>> (ca 540°C, i.e. not even glowing temperature) in the oxidation zone in any
>> case, or reduction won't take place.
>
>I work with the technology of steam reforming methane gas to Water Gas, when
>it is passed over Nickel Catalyst after the initial reaction using pure
>oxygen and steam. there is a significant further steam reforming action,
>which takes place with a relatively low steam ratio. the gas is now called
>SYNGAS as there is little residual unreacted methane, and CO2, and the CO
>and H2 content is enhanced.
>
>What if a catalyst bed was placed below the gas producer bed in a downdraft
>gassifier, and extra oxygen (air ) introduced to the gas below the gassifier
>to give a controlled burn raising temperature high enough to steam reform
>the tar gasses and CO2 produced by the this oxygen.( air ) Above 800 C will
>be needed. in other words, we steam reform the produced gas to a high
>quality Water Gas which will be free of tar and other unwanted gasses for
>running an IC engine. Introducing extra N2 will reduce the heat value, but
>would this not be compensated by the superior gas produced. In the
>industrial application high pressure is used, would it work at atmospheric
>pressure?
>
>I am sure that the catalyst producers will be able to give the required
>conditions, and supply a sutiable catalyst, the only problem is that they
>sell the stuff by the ton to the chemical industry. Would they be interested
>in a few kilograms? " Haldor Topsoe" is very active in steam reforming
>technology, and catalysts. Would they be interested ?
>
>Peter, this is right down your lane. Some thoughts from you.!
>
>Regards ,
>John Davies.
>
>
>
>
>
>-
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>
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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 12:10:51 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming: List "Comments"
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010903113747.00905ba0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

At 08:39 PM 9/2/2001 -0400, "Don Cox" <doncox@fox.nstn.ca> wrote:

>I'm enjoying your new proposal. I really want to get to
>sit down with you though so we can go over it at leisure.

I am sure that any fundamental problems with this concept will be dug out
on the Gas list.

Basically -- this is just a single long boiler tube -- the kind that is
already used in modern high temp/press boilers (so not arguments there) --
one part surrounded by liquid metal -- the other by a heat exchanger circuit.

The people in Hawaii mention that it takes 30 seconds for this reaction to
reach completion. So one makes sure it takes more than 30 seconds for the
biomass "slurry" to push though the length heated by molten metal.

Feeding is not a problem -- any hydraulic "ram" will push the slurry
through -- As it is a relatively slow push -- use two such "rams" -- while
one is pushing -- the other is loading.

I would not depend on "check-valves" -- they would be a problem to keep clear.

I would have a regular pressure valve screw shut -- and open -- as
required. As there is lots of time -- could even be done manually -- but a
servo-motor would make that part automatic.

Otherwise -- I see no reason it should not work as demonstrated in that
flow diagram. The boiler tube that can take those temps and pressures is a
given.

The heat transfer capabilities of molten metal (and never forget -- the
heat "capacitor" effect -- that means the reaction can never momentarily
starve for heat -- no matter how endothermic) -- are a given.

The Catalyst burner is a given -- and a very economic solution -- both in
price and in efficiencies (minimal flue gas heat losses)

I'd have a small one working in no time in my old shop.

You know -- one just has to think of this as an external combustion device.

The fuel is not directly combusted -- but reformed -- to make a product
fuel gas. Part of which is used to fuel the process -- the rest being a
surplus.

This surplus can then be used to operate any IC engine -- high BTU value
gas product -- at optimum performance. And of course -- absolutely no tars
to worry about.

Another plus is the low temperature of the product gas exiting the device
-- 100 C or less.

And also -- at extreme pressure. This serves two purposes. Easy to feed the
IC engine with no problems of fuel starvation during rapid increases in
power demand -- and the ability to store large amounts of fuel in small
tanks. Ergo -- a very good buffer between gasifier and engine demand
conditions.

One can even shut down the gasifier for maintenance and continue running
the IC engine.

Or think of this!

One can gasify their biomasses -- store the product in tanks -- and use
that to operate their vehicle. No more onboard gasifier required!

One can also operate the gasifier for just a few hours per week to make all
the fuel required to run their vehicle for a week!

Peter / Belize

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 12:30:42 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Flow Diagram
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010903082806.0090a100@wgs1.btl.net>

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 12:33:16 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #9
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010902083205.008f4d60@wgs1.btl.net>

Ok Listers -- am file attaching a flow diagram of a Super Critical Water --
Wet Biomass -- Reformer.

Very basic diagram -- but simply have not the time to make a more detailed
one up.

Killing one of our pigs today -- and that is a really big deal around here.

Peter Singfield
Xaibe Village
Belize, Central America
SteamReformer#1.gif

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 13:08:40 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Supercritical "steam" reforming
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010903221229.0090b100@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Hi Mark;

>but I'm curious about solubility and
>diffusivity, both of which will influence separation. Do you have the
>necessary data? If so, can you post them? This is terra incognita for
>me.

No -- do not have that at my finger tips -- but lets say we drop that
pressure (through the regulator in the flow diagram) from 5000 PSI to 2500
PSI -- good tank charging pressure.

That reduction in temperature will produce quite a refrigeration effect.
Water will condense -- gas will separate.

So maybe a second separation chamber along the lines of the one I sketch in
that flow diagram.

By the way -- a good separation chamber would be a commercial O2 container
with the proper fittings added.

The first separation chamber will separate solids -- and probably a lot of
the H20. The second would certainly greatly reduce any residual H20 and
separate that from the gasses.

As start up "project" -- I would go for methane -- not H2 -- an run an IC
engine.

After and/or if that works -- start reaching for high quality synthesis gas.

 

From enecon at ozemail.com.au Tue Sep 4 13:19:21 2001
From: enecon at ozemail.com.au (Jim Bland)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Nitrogen in wood
Message-ID: <001b01c134c8$321ab840$0382140a@Jim>

Does anyone have any data on the percentage of nitrogen typically found in
wood, and what affects this percentage, e.g. age of tree, soil conditions,
nutrients available etc.?

Where is this nitrogen in the wood, e.g. in the ash, or as part of a
molecule in the wood structure?

How much of the nitrogen forms ammonia and cyanide in a gasification
process, and what influences this?

Regards,

Jim Bland

Enecon Pty. Ltd.
35 Whitehorse Rd., Deepdene VIC 3103, Australia
PO Box 555, Deepdene DC VIC 3103, Australia
Tel: +61-3-9817 6255
Fax: +61-3-9817 6455
www.enecon.com.au

 

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 13:22:39 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #9
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010902090233.008f4530@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Note:

It appears that file attached are not allowed to this mail list -- so all
people interested in looking at the below mentioned flow diagram Email me
and I'll send them a copy directly.

Peter

Ok Listers -- am file attaching a flow diagram of a Super Critical Water --
Wet Biomass -- Reformer.

Very basic diagram -- but simply have not the time to make a more detailed
one up.

Killing one of our pigs today -- and that is a really big deal around here.

Peter Singfield
Xaibe Village
Belize, Central America

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From snkm at btl.net Tue Sep 4 15:02:48 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Steam Reforming "wet" Biomasses #9
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010902075948.008e9ec0@wgs1.btl.net>

Ok Listers -- am file attaching a flow diagram of a Super Critical Water --
Wet Biomass -- Reformer.

Very basic diagram -- but simply have not the time to make a more detailed
one up.

Killing one of our pigs today -- and that is a really big deal around here.

Peter Singfield
Xaibe Village
Belize, Central America
SteamReformer#1.gif

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Tue Sep 4 16:52:02 2001
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Why? - Because
In-Reply-To: <3B916205.24A0A5D5@c2i.net>
Message-ID: <018501c13582$981ad340$0301a8c0@mshome.net>

Roy,

Why? Because of simple errors. Due to errors entirely within our control the
server confirmed that you had unsubscribed.Your letter didn't indicate which
list you wanted to unsubscribe from (there are five bioenergy lists) so I
did not check to confirm that you had unsubscribed from the gasification
list. So you were given another chance. The errors have been corrected and
you have been unsubscribed from the list.

Thanks for your patience.

Regards,

Tom Miles

Thomas R Miles
TR Miles, Technical Consultants
tmiles@trmiles.com
503-292-0107
----- Original Message -----
From: "Roy Lent" <r@costarica.net>
To: <gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Tuesday, September 04, 2001 5:04 AM
Subject: GAS-L: Why?

> Why is it that neither using the supposed system to
> unsuscribe nor sending a letter to the list operator will
> unsubscribe one from this list? I used to think ill of
> those who send messages to the entire list trying to
> unswubscribe. Now I know it is the only way to be heard, at
> least on this list! I ask the pardon of all list members
> but I want to unsuscribe.
>
>
> ___________________________________-
>
> A man needs a wife because sooner or later something is going to happen
that he can't blame on the government.

He can always just go home and kick the dog. TM

 

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From shuster at zol.co.zw Wed Sep 5 00:26:36 2001
From: shuster at zol.co.zw (shuster)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: Fw: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
Message-ID: <014501c135c2$bf316ee0$12f6fcd8@Default>

 

----- Original Message -----
From: shuster <shuster@zol.co.zw>
To: Thomas Reed <tombreed@home.com>
Sent: Sunday, September 02, 2001 7:02 AM
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators

> DEAR TOM,
> FROM WHAT I OBSERVE IS ONE REQUIRES A "BLANKET" OF OXYGEN RIGHT
> ACROSS THE GASIFIER IN THE OXIDATION ZONE. I.E. NO "SHADOW" AS SOMEONE
APTLY
> DESCRIBED. I AM WORKING ON WHAT I WOULD CALL A FAN
> JET POSITIONED CENTRALLY IN THE GASIFIER.(TWO PLATES ON THE END OF YOUR
AIR
> DELIVERY PIPE WITH OPTIMUM GAP) DELIVERING AIR 360 DEGREES.
> WE HAVE DISCOVERED AN INEXPENSIVE WAY TO MONITOR SOOT TARS ECT.
> IN THE LOCAL VERNACULAR MY STAFF HAVE NAMED THIS "MA-PROPELLER"
> OR "MA-POLICEMAN" ITS MADE FROM THE LID OF A FOOD CAN (SIZE APPROPRIATE TO
> THE DIAMETER OF YOUR GAS PIPES.USING TIN SNIPS RADIALLY CUT FROM THE
> CIRCUMFERENCE
> TOWARDS THE CENTER STOPPING SHORT OF THE CENTER BY ABOUT 10MM.
> .DO THIS 6 TIMES TO CREATE 6 EQUAL SEGMENTS.TWIST EACH SEGMENT OUT OF
> POSITION TO CREATE A "FAN" BLADE.
> DO THE SAME TO 2 MORE LIDS.(YOU SHOULD HAVE PRE-DRILLED A 6 MM HOLE
> IN THE CENTER OF EACH DISK.MOUNT THE 3 LIDS ON A SHORT LENGTH
> OF"ALL THREAD BAR) USING 6 NUTS SECURELY POSITION THE LIDS TO THE BAR
> LEAVING ABOUT 5MM GAP BETWEEN EACH LID.THE MIDDLE LID HAS HAD ITS
> SEGMENTS TWISTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE 2 OUTER LIDS.
> INSTALL THE "POLICE MAN" IN THE GAS LINE JUST BEFORE YOUR LAST "JUST
INCASE"
> FILTER.
> IN OUR CASE WE HAVE DUPLICATED GAS PIPES .WE CAN SWITCH DELIVERY
> PIPES DURING OPERATION.E.G. WE CAN AFTER 5 10 OR30 MINUTES OF OPERATION
> SWITCH LINES AND INSPECT THE POLICEMAN.INSPECTION OF THE
> "MA-PROPELLERS" WILL TELL YOU HOW WELL YOUR FILTER SYSTEM IS WORKING.
> OUR WORK SHOWS US THAT WHAT TARS ETC ESCAPE THE GASIFIER OCCURS
> WITHIN THE FIRST 10 MINUTES OF ENGINE START UP.THERE AFTER ZIP.
> I HOPE THAT THIS SMALL CONTRIBUTION FROM ZIMBABWE IS OF INTEREST
> BEST REGARDS TO ALL
> ASHLEY BELBIN
> GAS AFRICA
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: Thomas Reed <tombreed@home.com>
> To: Weststeijn A <A.Weststeijn@epz.nl>; gasification
> <gasification@crest.org>
> Cc: Robb Walt <rwalt@gocpc.com>; <artsolar@aol.com>
> Sent: Saturday, September 01, 2001 3:10 PM
> Subject: GAS-L: Tar measurements and indicators
>
>
> > Dear Andries, Jerod and all:
> >
> > Tars are the Achilles Heel of biomass gasification and we had better all
> > know how to measure them!
> >
> > I am currently working on calibrating the Bacharach Smoke Meter for
> > determining tar and particulate levels in producer gas, and I will
present
> > the results as a poster at Orlando.
> >
> > Meanwhile, we observe at CPC that tar levels seem to coordinate very
well
> > with methane levels.
> >
> > When methane is 8% (ie fresh from the pyrolysis reaction without
> cracking),
> > tars are in the 1000-100,000 level.
> >
> > When methane is 2% we are below 100 ppm tar.
> >
> > Any comments?
> >
> > TOM REED
> >
> >
> > Dr. Thomas Reed
> > The Biomass Energy Foundation
> > 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
> > 303 278 0558;
> > tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: "Weststeijn A" <A.Weststeijn@epz.nl>
> > To: "'Crest Gasification List'" <gasification@crest.org>
> > Sent: Thursday, August 30, 2001 8:07 AM
> > Subject: GAS-L: Tar sampling and analysis response time
> >
> >
> > > Dear List members,
> > >
> > > From an engineering and operational point of view, I am interested in
> the
> > > attainable response time (cycle time) of a singular tar sampling &
> > analysis
> > > system connected to the outlet duct of a gasifier and/or pyrolysis
> > > equipment.
> > >
> > > When -in reality- different process conditions are imposed on the
> > > manufacturing of product gas or pyrolysis gas in order to optimize
> process
> > > conditions, fuel blend and/or CFB bed make-up, the actual cycle time
of
> > the
> > > tar measurements will greatly determine the progress of the
optimization
> > > work.
> > > Purpose of the optimization work here is assumed to be the
minimization
> of
> > > both gaseous light tars as well as heavy condensable tars.
> > > Both lab work and field work experience is appreciated.
> > > Orders of magitude are also wellcome.
> > >
> > > I realize that for practical conditions two parallel systems can
> > accomplish
> > > more than one singular system.
> > > So, my question is specifically related to the response time of a
> singular
> > > system.
> > >
> > > best regards,
> > > Andries Weststeijn
> > >
> > > -
> > > Gasification List Archives:
> > > http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
> > >
> > > Gasification List Moderator:
> > > Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> > > www.webpan.com/BEF
> > > List-Post: <mailto:bioenergy@crest.org>
> > > List-Help: <mailto:bioenergy-help@crest.org>
> > > List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:bioenergy-unsubscribe@crest.org>
> > > List-Subscribe: <mailto:bioenergy-subscribe@crest.org>
> > >
> > > Sponsor the Gasification List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
> > > -
> > > Other Gasification Events and Information:
> > > http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/
> > > http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml
> > > http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
> > >
> >
> >
> > -
> > Gasification List Archives:
> > http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/
> >
> > Gasification List Moderator:
> > Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> > www.webpan.com/BEF
> > List-Post: <mailto:bioenergy@crest.org>
> > List-Help: <mailto:bioenergy-help@crest.org>
> > List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:bioenergy-unsubscribe@crest.org>
> > List-Subscribe: <mailto:bioenergy-subscribe@crest.org>
> >
> > Sponsor the Gasification List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
> > -
> > Other Gasification Events and Information:
> > http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/
> > http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml
> > http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
> >
>

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Wed Sep 5 10:34:41 2001
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: Fw: GAS-L: Nitrogen in wood
Message-ID: <009a01c13616$f7e142c0$0301a8c0@mshome.net>

 

Forwarded to the list:

From: <A title=W.deJong@wbmt.tudelft.nl
href="mailto:W.deJong@wbmt.tudelft.nl">W.deJong@wbmt.tudelft.nl

Sent: Tuesday, September 04, 2001 4:16 AM
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Nitrogen in wood
Dear Jim, you wrote:> Does anyone have any data on the
percentage of nitrogen typically > found in wood, and what affects this
percentage, e.g. age of tree, > soil conditions, nutrients available
etc.? Typical Nitrogen contents in wood
(clean core material) are ca. or less than 0.1 %. When bark is present, values
can increase to about 0.6%. Needles and leaves even contain more bound Nitrogen
till values of about 1%. A database for fuel compositions of a broad range of
fuels can be found at the ECN site: http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis/ you wrote: > Where is this
nitrogen in the wood, e.g. in the ash, or as part of a > molecule in the
wood structure? Nitrogen is mainly in the
form of proteins, alkaloids (wood cell matter) and in the green matter
(leaves e.g.) as chlorophyl, which is a magnesium- containing pyrrole
derivative. you wrote: > How much
of the nitrogen forms ammonia and cyanide in a gasification > process,
and what influences this? In fluidised
bed gasification processes a large amount of the fuel bound Nitrogen is
converted into ammonia: for bottom fed fluidised bed gasifiers in the range of
ca. 50 to almost 100% for biomass. HCN formation is only a few %. It depends on
the air stoichiometry (or: equivalence ratio) applied. It also seems that fuel
feeding position has a significant influence on the fuel bound Nitrogen
partitioning, in such a way that top fed fluid bed gasifiers show lower fuel_N
to NH3 conversions. The background of this phenomenon would be that the initial
flash pyrolysis of the fuel particle takes place in different environments:
reducing and oxidizing for top fed and bottom fed systems respectively. A study was published in fuel recently by
KTH with work performed by a Delft University MSc
student from our institute: Vriesman,
P., Heginuz, E. and Sjöström, K. (2000) Biomass gasification in a laboratory
&#8211;scale AFBG: influence of the location of the feeding point on the fuel-N
conversion, Fuel, Vol. 79, pp. 1371-1378.Also,
the fuel oxygen content has been reported to influence Nitrogen partitioning,
especially phenolic OH-groups in the fuel structure could increase the
conversion of nitrogen to NH3. Literature on this subject e.g. : Hämäläinen
J.P., Aho, M.J. and Tumavuori, J.L., (1994) Formation of nitrogen oxides from
fuel_N through HCN and NH3: a model-compound study, Fuel, Vol. 73, pp.
1894-1898. Further
work related to fluidised bed gasification, also one including from our
institute (in the framework of my PhD thesis work), not exhaustive but useful,
e.g.: de Jong, W., Unal, Ö, Hoppesteyn, P.D.J., Andries, J. and Hein,
K.R.G. (2001) Pressurised gasification of biomass and fossil fuels in fluidised
bed gasifiers, hot gas cleanup using ceramic filters and pressurised product gas
composition. In Bridgwater, A.V. (Ed.): Progress in Thermochemical Biomass
Conversion, pp. 473-487. Van der Drift, A., Van Doorn, J. and Vermeulen,
J.W. (2001) Ten Residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidized-bed
gasification, Biomass&Bioenergy, Vol. 20, pp. 45-56. Leppälahti
J. & Koljonen T. (1995) Nitrogen evolution from coal, peat and wood during
gasification: literature review. Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 43, pp.
1-45.best regards, Wiebren de
Jong. >
Regards, > > Jim Bland > > Enecon Pty. Ltd. >
35 Whitehorse Rd., Deepdene VIC 3103, Australia > PO Box 555, Deepdene DC
VIC 3103, Australia > Tel: +61-3-9817 6255 > Fax: +61-3-9817 6455
> www.enecon.com.au > > > > - >
Gasification List Archives: >
http://www.crest.org/discussion/gasification/current/ > >
Gasification List Moderator: > Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation,
Reedtb2@cs.com > www.webpan.com/BEF > List-Post:
<mailto:bioenergy@crest.org> > List-Help:
<mailto:bioenergy-help@crest.org> > List-Unsubscribe:
<mailto:bioenergy-unsubscribe@crest.org> > List-Subscribe:
<mailto:bioenergy-subscribe@crest.org> > > Sponsor the
Gasification List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html - > Other
Gasification Events and Information: > http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bioam/
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml >
http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/ > >
------- End of forwarded message
-------Wiebren de Jong, MSc. TU Delft Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
& Marine Technology Section Thermal Power Engineering (EV) Mekelweg 2
NL-2628 CD Delft The Netherlands Telephone: +31 15 2786751 Mobile: +31 6
51236425 Telefax: +31 15 2782460 e-mail at home: wkdejong@kabelfoon.nl e-mail
general: wiebrendejong@hotmail.com

From jsmeenk at iastate.edu Wed Sep 5 12:03:01 2001
From: jsmeenk at iastate.edu (Jerod Smeenk)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Uncracked Product Gas cooling level successfully operated
In-Reply-To: <E1780666C205D211B6740008C728DBFE9F514F@sp0016.epz.nl>
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20010905104806.00a27b10@jsmeenk.mail.iastate.edu>

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From shuster at zol.co.zw Wed Sep 5 17:31:22 2001
From: shuster at zol.co.zw (shuster)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Fw: Yellow Ribbon
Message-ID: <000201c13651$e37dae00$06f6fcd8@Default>

 

 
----- Original Message -----
From: <A
href="mailto:afordzim@mweb.co.zw" title=afordzim@mweb.co.zw>Philicity
Cornish
To: <A href="mailto:Undisclosed-Recipient:;@zol.co.zw"
title=Undisclosed-Recipient:;@zol.co.zw>Undisclosed-Recipient:;@zol.co.zw

Sent: Wednesday, September 05, 2001 9:08 PM
Subject: Yellow Ribbon

Subject: Yellow Ribbon

Wear a YELLOW RIBBON at all
times as a silent protest at the lawlessness, violence and
injustice
occurring in Zimbabwe.  People all over the
world are joining in in this silent demonstration in support of us here. Please
pass this on to all your contacts in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in the
world.

From tombreed at home.com Mon Sep 10 17:06:41 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Gasification Meeting at 5th Biomass Conference of the Americas...?
Message-ID: <007201c13a3a$8f0d1d00$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

Dear Gasification List, and Dee Schaffer:

I hope all of us who are going to the "5th Biomass of the Americas"
conference will send me a note and I'll see if I can arrange a room and time
for us to all meet in person. Nice to be able to connect the names with the
faces.

Please let me know if you are coming and I'll assemble a list.

Yours truly, TOM REED MODERATOR

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com

BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:2.1
N:Reed;Thomas;B;Dr.
FN:Thomas B Reed
NICKNAME:Tom
ORG:Biomass Energy Foundation;Publication, Consulting, Engineering
TITLE:President
TEL;WORK;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;CELL;VOICE:303 913 2074
TEL;WORK;FAX:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;FAX:303 278 0558
ADR;WORK:;;1810 Smith Rd.;Golden;CO;80401;USA
LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd.=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUSA
ADR;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:;;1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A;Golden;CO;80401;United States
LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUnited States
X-WAB-GENDER:2
URL;HOME:http://www.woodgas.com
URL;WORK:http://www.woodgas.com
BDAY:20010315
EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:tombreed@home.com
REV:20010910T205252Z
END:VCARD

 

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Gasification List Moderator:
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www.webpan.com/BEF
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From tombreed at home.com Mon Sep 10 17:17:40 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Densification vs Briquetting
Message-ID: <00a001c13a3c$16c45960$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

Dear Stovers and Gasifiers:

I have had a 23 year interest in densification and briquetting of biomass,
but continue to come up with new insights and questions.

1) Wood has a VERY strong cellular structure and so requires VERY high
pressure to make pellets/cubes/logs. This is DENSIFICATION and uses 100
hp-hr/ton and machines like the California Pellet Mill, the Taiga extruder,
the JD cuber etc.

2) Charcoal is very weak and the cell structure is mostly broken down.
Therefore it is only necessary to paste the particles together to get a
dense fuel. This is BRIQUETTING and uses a pillow or hand briquetter and
handpower-hrs/kg.

~~~~~~
Now comes an interesting question. Sugar manufacture requires intense
pressure to squeeze out the juice. Can the resulting bagasse be dried and
briquetted or does it require densification?

Nut hulls are often very dense. Can they be briquetted or do they require
densification?

Paper is quite dense, having had the cell structure of the wood broken down.

There should be a scale of power requirements vs type of biomass, and I
presume there are many forms of biomass that do NOT require high pressure to
get a reasonable fuel density.

COMMENTS?

Yours truly, TOM REED

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com

BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:2.1
N:Reed;Thomas;B;Dr.
FN:Thomas B Reed
NICKNAME:Tom
ORG:Biomass Energy Foundation;Publication, Consulting, Engineering
TITLE:President
TEL;WORK;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;CELL;VOICE:303 913 2074
TEL;WORK;FAX:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;FAX:303 278 0558
ADR;WORK:;;1810 Smith Rd.;Golden;CO;80401;USA
LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd.=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUSA
ADR;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:;;1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A;Golden;CO;80401;United States
LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUnited States
X-WAB-GENDER:2
URL;HOME:http://www.woodgas.com
URL;WORK:http://www.woodgas.com
BDAY:20010315
EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:tombreed@home.com
REV:20010910T210349Z
END:VCARD

 

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www.webpan.com/BEF
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From c.downing at sri.org.au Mon Sep 10 19:45:07 2001
From: c.downing at sri.org.au (Chris Downing)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:40 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Densification vs Briquetting
Message-ID: <OFEBA5D5AE.6E7BDBDB-ON4A256AC3.008228C6@sri.org.au>

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From c.downing at sri.org.au Mon Sep 10 20:12:19 2001
From: c.downing at sri.org.au (Chris Downing)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Densification vs Briquetting
Message-ID: <OF505185BF.ACC9F7CB-ON4A256AC4.00005D9E@sri.org.au>

 

Sorry list members for the loss of attachments, will try another email
package. If this fails, Tom would you please post files from your end?

(See attached file: cell_collapse_sem.jpg)(See attached file:
hexagonal_honeycomb1.doc)

==============================================================


"Chris
Downing" To: "Thomas Reed" <tombreed@home.com>
<c.downing@sr cc: "gasification" <gasification@crest.org>,
i.org.au> "Stoves" <Stoves@crest.org>
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Densification vs
11/09/01 Briquetting
09:41 AM


 

Tom,

 

 

In regard to your discussion of pelleting and cell wall behaviour, you may
be interested in the attached scanning electron microscope image of sugar
cane fibre restrained by resin at high compaction (compression ratio := 3,
void ratio = vol void/vol solid = 1.8), from Downing (1999).

 

 

"...A sample of spent bagasse contaminated with clay loam was oven dried
and clamped to a thickness of 25 mm between a double-bridge ("thumbscrew")
consisting of two pieces of square tubing and threaded rod. Once the
specimen had been trimmed it was dried in an atmosphere of acetone for 6
weeks, impregnated with low viscosity polyester resin under vacuum over an
additional 6 week period (FitzPatrick and Gudmundsson 1978; England et al.
1997), sectioned, polished with 3 mm diamond, and observed using the JEOL
microprobe. Backscattered electron images (BEI) were produced using a 15kV
accelerating voltage at a working distance of 25 mm and a current less than
three nano-Amperes. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to
characterise features of interest. "

 

 

"...a backscattered electron image illustrating the dispersion of inorganic
particles within the space between fibrovascular bundles. The bright areas
in the image are dense materials, such as quartz, which reflect large
numbers of electrons; grey areas are residual calcium and potassium salts,
an artefact of drying residual fibre moisture which consequently produces
an image of the cellulose; dark regions are low density or low atomic
weight material, ie. the polyester resin used to stabilise the compressed
specimen; and, black regions indicate voids/cracks in the resin."

 

 

After studying this SEM image a simple hexagonal honeycomb model was
applied to the fibrovascular cell structure, per Gibson and Ashby (1997).
Two figures from my thesis showing this application are included in the
attached Word 2000 document. One can draw some interesting conclusions
about what is happening inside a sugar cane mill (or pelleter) from this
simple theory and "frozen" image.

 

 

With regard to forming pellets from bagasse, the main obstacle is the high
moisture content and the need for a finite time period of compression for
inter-fibre bonding. Moisture must be reduced from 50% wet basis to
somewhere in the teens for successful pelleting. The quality of the pellet
improves with hold time at a finite pressure, and the use of a small amount
of molasses as a binder (however, the binder may have implications for
boiler slagging...).

 

 

The following references should be observed in quoting this work:

Downing, C.M. (1999). Investigation of the effects of soil contamination
on the crushing of comminuted sugar cane. PhD thesis, James Cook
University, Australia.

Gibson, L.J. and Ashby, M.F. (1997). Cellular Solids: Structure and
Properties. Second Ed. Cambridge University Press.

 

 

Regards,
Chris Downing, PhD

Sugar Research Institute
239-255 Nebo Rd
PO Box 5611
Mackay MC, 4741
Australia
International: +61 7 4952 7600
Switch: 07 4952 7600
Direct: 07 4952 7647
Fax: 07 4952 7699
Email: c.downing@sri.org.au
http://www.sri.org.au

 

"Thomas Reed" <tombreed@home.com>
10/09/2001 15:03 CST

To: "gasification" <gasification@crest.org>, "Stoves" <Stoves@crest.org>
cc:
bcc:
Subject: GAS-L: Densification vs Briquetting

 

Dear Stovers and Gasifiers:

I have had a 23 year interest in densification and briquetting of biomass,
but continue to come up with new insights and questions.

1) Wood has a VERY strong cellular structure and so requires VERY high
pressure to make pellets/cubes/logs. This is DENSIFICATION and uses 100
hp-hr/ton and machines like the California Pellet Mill, the Taiga extruder,
the JD cuber etc.

2) Charcoal is very weak and the cell structure is mostly broken down.
Therefore it is only necessary to paste the particles together to get a
dense fuel. This is BRIQUETTING and uses a pillow or hand briquetter and
handpower-hrs/kg.

~~~~~~
Now comes an interesting question. Sugar manufacture requires intense
pressure to squeeze out the juice. Can the resulting bagasse be dried and
briquetted or does it require densification?

Nut hulls are often very dense. Can they be briquetted or do they require
densification?

Paper is quite dense, having had the cell structure of the wood broken
down.

There should be a scale of power requirements vs type of biomass, and I
presume there are many forms of biomass that do NOT require high pressure
to
get a reasonable fuel density.

COMMENTS?

Yours truly, TOM REED

Dr. Thomas Reed
The Biomass Energy Foundation
1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401
303 278 0558;
tombreed@home.com; www.woodgas.com

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- Gasification List Archives:
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Moderator: Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
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http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/

 

 

=?iso-8859-1?Q?cell=5Fcollapse=5Fsem.jpg?=
=?iso-8859-1?Q?hexagonal=5Fhoneycomb1.doc?=

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From arnt at c2i.net Mon Sep 10 23:03:57 2001
From: arnt at c2i.net (Arnt Karlsen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: GASIFIER CAST ENTIRELY FROM HIGH TEMP RESISTANT CLAY
Message-ID: <3B92342E.231D8024@c2i.net>

On Sun, 2 Sep 2001 07:09:48 +0200,
"shuster" <shuster@zol.co.zw> wrote
in <002c01c1336e$2447f800$0cf6fcd8@Default>:

> THANKS FOR THE COMMENT.
> MAYBE YOU COULD FIND OUT IF SOMEONE IN S.A.(EG CLAY PIPE
> MANUFACTURERS) COULD CAST MY GASIFIER IN HIGH TEMP RESISTANT CLAY
> WITH SAY 50MM WALL THICKNESS.

..eerie. A sneeze could blow it up. I'd use 50 mm steel
piping, and cover the inside with ash and clay. I'd leave
the outside wall bare and use a cover drum to catch radiant
heat and use that heat to preheat gasifier air supply.

..the gasifier shell must be strong enough to contain sneezes,
shockwaves etc., _long_enough_ to allow these to escape thru
the safety valve system. Most steels come down to below 2-5%
of the published tensile strenght at around 1000 centigrades,
and shells, piping etc, and must be sized accordingly.

> ANYONE CARE TO COMMENT
> BEST REGARDS,
> ASHLEY

..fwiw, I initially tried knocking out the bottoms of
flower pots and turned them upside down to form a V-hearth.

..typical life was 3 firings, looks like they took the heat
fine, but cracked on the too rapid light-up, we went from
20 to about 1200 centigrades in about a minute.

..the fired red clay loses its red colored oxides, and greys.
We never tried firing V-hearth pots insitu, has anyone else
tried this?

..how about covering a steel cone with clay?

..we went for steel pipe reducer cones supporting an ash
cone. Use a "mild" high temp steel, not any of the
stainless steels. These alloys are essentially made
"corrosion resistant" by "moving" the "corrosion resistance
area" _away_ from where we need it in our gasifiers;
Stainless steels do fine in the combustion zone, but will
corrode in the reduction zone, and in the gas piping, due
to lost surface oxides. Ditto for titanium.
High temp "mild steels" are far more resistant and cost
effective here, as they don't rely on surface oxides.

--
..med vennlig hilsen = with Kind Regards from Arnt... ;-)

Scenarios always come in sets of three:
best case, worst case, and just in case.

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From ZBihari at ormat.com Tue Sep 11 11:39:25 2001
From: ZBihari at ormat.com (Zoli Bihari)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: FW: Tragedy in USA
Message-ID: <727CFCBBE1C3D41181FC005004201AA09AD3E0@ORMAT-NT>

 

 

I can only agree with John.

As somebody who lives in Israel, we knew hard time.
Stay strong.

Zoli

Zoli Bihari
R&D - Ormat Ltd. - Israel
Tel:   972 (8) 9433894
Fax:  972 (8) 9439901
E-mail: zbihari@ormat.com

 

-----Original Message-----
From: John Davies [mailto:jmdavies@xsinet.co.za]
Sent: Tuesday, September 11, 2001 4:52 PM
To: stove list; Gasification list
Subject: Tragedy in USA

 

Dear Friends in the USA,

I am devastated by the tragedy that has befallen your country.

My heartfelt condolences are shared with the victims of these cowardly
attacks.

May God Bless You during this time of tribulation.

John Davies.
South Africa.

 

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From shuster at zol.co.zw Tue Sep 11 14:19:12 2001
From: shuster at zol.co.zw (shuster)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: I'AM IN DEEP SHOCK AT YOUR PREDICAMENT.OUR DEEP FELT SYMPATHY IS WITH ALL AMERICA
Message-ID: <000201c13aee$048902c0$12f6fcd8@Default>

I LEAVE TOMOOROW AT 5 AM ON A 800 KM TRIP INTO THE BACK OF AFRICA.ITS BEEN
PLANNED FOR WEEKS. I FEEL SO BAD TO LOOSE CONTACT WITH YOUR TRAGEDY AND
GRIEF. I DO NOT HAVE THE KIND OF VOCAB TO DESCRIBE MY GRIEF SHOCK AND DISMAY
AT WHAT HAS OCCURED.I CAN ONLY PRAY TO THE ALMIGHTY TO HELP AND NOURISH YOU
THROUGH THIS TIME.I CAN NOT SAY MORE ACCEPT THAT FOR DECADES WE OURSELVES
HAVE EXPERIENCED TERROR AND LAWLESSNESS AND IN SOME SMALL WAY UNDERSTAND
YOUR PREDICAMENT.
TO THOSE DEPARTED AND THOSE PICKING UP THE PIECES WE SEND OUR MOST DEEP FELT
THOUGHTS AND PRAYERS
I LOVE YOU ALL
ASHLEY MARIA AND ALL OUR FAMILY AND COLLEAGUES
GAS AFRICA
zimbabwe
shuster@zol.co.zw

 

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From Gavin at roseplac.worldonline.co.uk Wed Sep 12 04:51:45 2001
From: Gavin at roseplac.worldonline.co.uk (Gavin Gulliver-Goodall)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Tragedy in USA - repercussions
In-Reply-To: <005601c13ad3$940ee880$aad51ac4@jmdavies>
Message-ID: <MABBJLGAAFJBOBCKKPMGGEHACDAA.Gavin@roseplac.worldonline.co.uk>

All,
It is an appalling time for the world and for the American people as the
first hostile attack on American soil for over a century. Our thoughts are
with you and we pray for a responsible response from your leaders.

Repercussions for gasification
When America retaliates-as it must- on the Usual Suspects -our friends in
the middle east, and They cut off the oil supplies for the western world...
as they can...
Gasification may be come very interesting... but let us pray for a peaceful
solution.

Gavin
UK
-----Original Message-----
From: John Davies [mailto:jmdavies@xsinet.co.za]
Sent: Tuesday, September 11, 2001 15:52
To: stove list; Gasification list
Subject: GAS-L: Tragedy in USA

Dear Friends in the USA,

I am devastated by the tragedy that has befallen your country.

My heartfelt condolences are shared with the victims of these cowardly
attacks.

May God Bless You during this time of tribulation.

John Davies.
South Africa.

 

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Wed Sep 12 11:53:14 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Plant tissue analysis
Message-ID: <bd.13de722b.28d0ddcd@aol.com>

Biomass users, I have seen quite a few questions on the occurrence of
various minerals in plants. I will refer you to: Dr. J. Benton Jones Jr.,
certainly an expert in this subject. I have met him in the early 90's at
several Hydroponic confrences and he is a most friendly, helpful kind of guy.
He also knows a lot about irrigation water quality and fertilizer balance.
I recommend his book PLANT ANALYSIS HANDBOOK Copyright 1991 Publisher is
Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc., 183 paradise Blvd., Suit 108, Athens, Georgia
30607 USA. There may be an updated version. The publisher may help you
locate his E- mail address or website. Possibly from a newer book?
This book lists the range of nutrients in healthy plant tissue leaves on
a wide variety of crops and trees. Other data and many testing methods can
be learned from this book. Maybe this will help. Good luck,
Dan Dimiduk

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From jmdavies at xsinet.co.za Wed Sep 12 16:17:44 2001
From: jmdavies at xsinet.co.za (John Davies)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: Fw: Tragedy in USA
Message-ID: <016d01c13bc6$73f3b780$f17c27c4@jmdavies>

 

----- Original Message -----
From: John Davies <jmdavies@xsinet.co.za>
To: stove list <stoves@crest.org>; Gasification list
<gasification@crest.org>
Sent: Tuesday, September 11, 2001 4:52 PM
Subject: Tragedy in USA

> Dear Friends in the USA,
>
> I am devastated by the tragedy that has befallen your country.
>
> My heartfelt condolences are shared with the victims of these cowardly
> attacks.
>
> May God Bless You during this time of tribulation.
>
> John Davies.
> South Africa.
>
>

 

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From CAVM at aol.com Wed Sep 12 16:31:45 2001
From: CAVM at aol.com (CAVM@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Fw: Tragedy in USA
Message-ID: <102.8d0c33f.28d11e72@aol.com>

In a message dated 9/12/2001 3:18:09 PM Central Daylight Time,
jmdavies@xsinet.co.za writes:

<< > Dear Friends in the USA,
>
> I am devastated by the tragedy that has befallen your country.
>
> My heartfelt condolences are shared with the victims of these cowardly
> attacks.
>
> May God Bless You during this time of tribulation.
>
> John Davies.
> South Africa.
> >>

John as long as we continue to live free and without fear we will have won
and they will have lost.

Cornelius A. Van Milligen

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From snkm at btl.net Thu Sep 13 12:59:02 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: It was fun -- while it lasted --
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010913092049.00948ec0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

 

Nostradamus 1654 ...

"on the 11 day of the 9 month that...
two metal birds would crash into two tall statues...
in the new city..
and the world will end soon after" __
From the book of Nostradamus

The next 30 days -- so crucial. Best to all -- I'm going off sailing the
great reefs here -- where I will be meeting no one --

There is nothing any of us can do now -- but wait.

Peter Singfield

Belize / Cnetral America

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From snkm at btl.net Thu Sep 13 13:04:38 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: A hoax!
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010913100045.00959250@wgs1.btl.net>

 

Forwarded by Peter / Belize

Since I have been hearing so much about the
Nostradamus thing today, I pulled out my ND book (yes,
I actually had 2 of them). There is no quatrain that
matches the various ones I have been getting. There is
one that talks about 1999 and the 7th. month, but that
is way off topically.
So, sorry. But I am sure that this "hoax" will
encircle the globe 10x before it dies down..

Niall

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From tombreed at home.com Sun Sep 16 20:15:52 2001
From: tombreed at home.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: WE STAND UNITED - Candle Lighting
In-Reply-To: <80.10230c0e.28d64105@aol.com>
Message-ID: <003101c13f0c$0e48e420$18e5b618@lakwod3.co.home.com>

 

Dear Tom Taylor:

Well said, particularly about finding alternatives to
oil.  Only 10% replacement would get petroleum back into perspective. 
Unfortunately, our oil companies would feel threatened as well, so we need to
operate in spite of them. 

Gasification of biomass provides the only viable replacement
for the benefits we now get from petroleum.  I am planning a 21st century
"woodgas car" the equal of any current vehicle on the road.  I'd appreciate
whatever help I can get.

Your
pal,           TOM
REED



Dr. Thomas Reed 
The Biomass Energy Foundation 1810 Smith Rd., Golden, CO 80401303
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size=2>dmusgrove@earthlink.net>
Sent: Sunday, September 16, 2001 11:53 AM
Subject: Re: WE STAND UNITED - Candle
Lighting
> Whoever Susan is and the
parties who she wrote to, there are many opinions > which have been
written and many emotions which are flowing at this point > which will of
course change over time, If the US is totally paralyzed by this > event,
the terrorists will have succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Do we >
want to give them this additional victory? Our best revenge is to strenghten
> our capital and economic power and live a better life. >
> If this is a religious war how do you win one? Name a victorious
religious > war in anywhere in history where any of the participants were
not totally > extinguished, i.e, genocidally removed. Most of the ancient
religious wars > are still going on, this is one of them, the Koran being
the instrument of > declaration of war. The economic wars can be won, but
not religious one. All > wars have religious components in order for the
leaders to motivate the pawns > of the population. > > In
order to win a religious war, use religion, find out the weaknesses of the
> religion and use it to counter the thought patterns. That is the most
> effective and least costly in human toll. It is also smarter. However,
in > practical aspects, infiltrating the religious groups with
missionaries is > difficult. As a side comment, I would like to see some
religious groups used > as missionaries, (chuckle). You cannot win a
religious argument, as it always > is based upon faith and faith has no
particular rational basis. These > statements seem contradictory, but
somewhere there may be a middle ground > which can be used. >
> If you wish to bomb whoever it is out of existence, whether it is Osama
Bin > Laden, Khadafi, or whoever, maybe all of them, you have to also
take into > consideration that these all have one similar religion,
Islam, and that you > take the risk of alienating or creating martyrs
which is like Medussa, you > cut off one head and two regrow. Islam is
one of the largest religions of the > world. If we were ever to go to war
with the entire group, it would be a real > nightmare. > >
Perhaps there is one exception to this rule. Khadafi was nearly bombed out of
> existence and he lost relations in the attack upon his empire.
Remember, > these countries are run by tyrants who have absolute power
and there are no > civil rights. Their survival and hatred of the US
arises from the fear of > their loss of power. The religious fervor is
merely a tool, but a powerful > tool of their control over the
population. Khadafi was bombed after it was > determined that he played a
major role in the Lockerbie 747 bombing. He > discontinued his direct
involvement in terrorism after this attack, or at > least we are told.
> > The Crusades were started when a king of a city under siege, I
believe it was > ancient Constantinople, and the King asked for help to
prevent the heathens > from winning. The pope issued an absolution to
anyone who lost their lives in > the conflict. Almost all of Europe sold
their goods, took to horseback and > wanted to enter heaven. A Million or
more were lost in these 14 crusades, the > last one was 300,000 children
lead by a 16 year old who were launched with > "God on their side", and
were never heard from again. > > Several other thoughts must be
brought to light. The gov't said that the > White House and Air Force 1
were targets, how did they know this and what > else did they know? A
personal contact was aware of three who he helped > sponsor to come to
the US from UAE and when he found out what they were > really here for,
he began calling the FBI months ago and they ignored his > warnings,
until tuesday afternoon. He spent until 3 am wednedsay am with the > FBI
and they have not been arrested as of yet. The 3 were in Florida and two
> went to pilots school, the other one is apparently a finance manager
for one > of the major terrorists groups. > > Terrorism is
a very valid weapon when you cannot afford cruise missles, > aircraft
carriers and so on. The US has policies and so on which cannot be >
argued with unless you are willing to go to these lengths. That is why they
> are used. > > The recommended actions to be taken in my
mind are a combination of the above > comments. I am sure that the
government will do part of all of these and we > may never know what they
really do. Many terrorist activities have probably > been interdicted and
we will never know about them which is unfortunate. > > There are
a lot more comments and recommendations which I have, but my > fingers
are tired of typing and there is work to do to remove our dependence > of
the political shackles of the dependency upon Mideast "heathen" controlled
> oil as I operate an alternative waste to energy company which converts
waste > to petroleum replacements such as diesel and gasoline and are now
making > ethanol from garbage at a fraction of the cost from conventional
processes. > If the United States were to say that in 5 years, we would
no longer buy oil > from the Mideast, this shit would disappear in a
heartbeat. We would scare > the hell out of the groups responsible, and
we have the technology to replace > all of the oil we import with wastes
and coal produced synthetic fuels which > may initally be higher in cost,
but competitive forces would reduce these > costs over time as we have
seen in all deregulated industries. > > It is not a technical
question or economic question as to if the US is > willing to take these
steps of independence, but purely a political one. Does > the US really
have the guts to do this? Perhaps your input to the political > realm
would help.  > > Sincerely,> Leland T. Taylor>
President>  Thermogenics Inc. > 7100-2nd St. NW,
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107 > phone 505-761-1454 fax
505-761-1456> Attached files are zipped and can be decompressed with
<A > HREF="<A
href='http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/">www.aladdinsys.com/expander/'><FONT
size=2>http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/">www.aladdinsys.com/expander/<FONT
size=2> </A>

From piolenc at mozcom.com Sun Sep 16 22:04:25 2001
From: piolenc at mozcom.com (F. Marc de Piolenc)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: WE STAND UNITED - Candle Lighting
In-Reply-To: <80.10230c0e.28d64105@aol.com>
Message-ID: <3BA56168.963B73BE@mozcom.com>

Reducing the use of petroleum for fuel does NOT threaten the oil
companies. Other outlets are more lucrative, per barrel, so they will
simply emphasize those. Do not expect significant opposition to
conservation or alternatives - they are diversified, and as soon as any
alternate technology proves itself they will simply invest in it.

Marc de Piolenc

> Thomas Reed wrote:
>
> Dear Tom Taylor:
>
> Well said, particularly about finding alternatives to oil. Only 10%
> replacement would get petroleum back into perspective. Unfortunately,
> our oil companies would feel threatened as well, so we need to operate
> in spite of them.

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From kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk Mon Sep 17 06:35:09 2001
From: kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk (Ken Boak)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: 21st Century Wood Gas Car
Message-ID: <20010917103102.27240.qmail@fsmail.net>

Tom and gas Listers,

I read with interest your last posting about the development of a 21st Century Woodgas Car.

Do you mean a C21 gasifier fitted to a standard automobile, or a C21 gasifier fitted to a vehicle where the engine and powertrain, aerodynamic design, and vehiclular systems have been optimised to extract the best efficiency from the fuel source?

There is, as you will appreciate, a very big difference in the two approaches.

For the gasifier to be used in conjucnction with an existing IC engine in a typical automotive duty cycle, it has to be responsive to the demands from the engine, and as such needs to have a quick response time, and a high degree of automatic control. Last week, I read with interest, an article from 1942, describing such a gasifier - by Kalle. I am sure that you already know of this piece of work, but here is the link for your convenience:

http://www.artech.se/~joacim/gengas/kg_eng.html

This was of course a charcoal gasifier, which featured a novel CO2 feedback system, a means of producing very fine charcoal dust at the heart of the reaction zone, and a response which tracked the demand from the engine.

I believe that any thermal process is likely to have a fairly poor response time, and matching the size of the gasifier to meet the peak demands of the IC engine will result in an oversize gasifier for most of the time.

It may be a better approach to decouple to gasifier and IC engine systems from the demands of acceleration by means of an electric propulsion system, the peak load being handled by a modest sized battery pack. In this way the gasifier and IC engine can be scaled down to meet the mean demads of power, and run almost continuously at maximum efficiency. They can then become a tightly coupled system, matched in the same way that an generator set is matched to the optimum rpm of the IC engine.

It may well be thet the IC engine is not the best candidate as the primemover for a system running on wood gas. Other engine types may be better suited, particularly when run at constant power output in a series hybrid mode. Ones to consider are Stirling engine (a very nice 11kW engine is available from Solo Kleinmotoren of Stuttgart - and would be easily converted from propane/natural gas to a woodgas burner). Such an approach would allow the vehicle to run on autogas, LPG, CNG or propane, if wood was temporarily not available - a true multifuel vehicle.

Modern lightweight steam engines are also possible candidates - capable of 22% thermomechanical efficiency. The most interesting option I think would be a rotary turbine of some kind optimised to being able to handle the wood gas combustion conditions (variable calorific value, water and ash content etc). There are 2 designs which spring to mind for such a turbine. It could be directly coupled to a high speed brushless dc generator, thus dispensing with additional complexities of gearboxes, and has the means of being lightweight, compact and efficient.

Fuel handling is going to be a major issue with any woodgas fired vehicle, either a whole industry evolves producing pelletised fuel, charcoal beans, cubed timber or sawdust briquettes. It may be possible to put the fuel into a standard cartridge, and this is just loaded into a receptacle on the car - without the owner coming into contact with the fuel. A similar cartridge approach could be used for the ash collection - this is just a variation on ideas borrowed from laser/inkjet printer technology.

The 21st century woodgas car needs to compete against contempory vehicles in terms of range and perceived performance. It also has to meet stringent emission controls that just weren't present in 1940's war torn Scandinavia.

Best of luck with your project,

 

Ken Boak

 

 

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From kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk Mon Sep 17 06:37:05 2001
From: kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk (Ken Boak)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Wood Gasification fuel Canisters
Message-ID: <20010917103255.27293.qmail@fsmail.net>

Listers,

Fuel handling for a modern wood gas car is going to be the major issue for public acceptability. Ideally the fuel should require little or no human handling and the ash and clinker should be disposed of in a user friendly manner. Here is one idea which could help to implement such a sheme.

Imagine a 5 gallon drum made from cardboard , with steel endcaps, full of compressed sawdust. Down the centre of the drum is a cylindrical hole full of charcoal pieces.

This could be a standard cartridge of fuel to be loaded into an automotive gasifier. The 5 gallon drum would hold enough compressed fuel to propel a vehicle from 60 to 100 miles, and remain of a size, shape and weight that is not too cumbersome for the average adult to handle.

On loading, the centre of each endcap is pierced, the charcoal is ignited, and begins to burn from the centre outwards, producing heat which pyrolises (gasifies) the compressed sawdust. Sufficient air, and exhaust gases are introduced at the bottom of the can with the generated gas being collected at the top.

When the full charge is consumed, the outer cardboard wall of the drum is burnt away, allowing the upper endcap to fall over the lower cap, forming a closed "tin" container with the ashes inside. At this point a new fuel canister could be added on top, and the process repeated until several canisters have been exhausted.

This method would allow fuel to be handled in a compact, clean form and also allow the use of sawdust (otherwise wasted) to be used as a convenient fuel.

 

Ken Boak

Electric Cars and Wood Gasification at:

http://www.geocities.com/wastewatts/index.html

 

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Mon Sep 17 08:12:55 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Wood Gasification fuel Canisters
Message-ID: <40.115a8b8b.28d741cc@aol.com>

Tom and Ken,
Looks like you've stirred up a gas cloud with this idea. Let me present
a few approaches.
If we go with charcoal we can go truly high tech and without much trouble
go straight to fuel cells and electric motors. Best approach for small light
compact cars with very low emissions.
If we go to gas turbines, I say we look at turboprop engine technology,
with induction type generators coupled to electric motors. Turbo's have been
long rejected because of the waste heat hot air blast in the exhaust. We can
harness the waste heat and much of the expansion of the exhaust, by routing
it through a good heat sink coupled to a sterling and another small
generator. This approach may work better with large vehicles and trucks.
Peter S. would use a refrigeration cycle for this role.
I had a recent conversation with my Brother who thinks most of the
problems with poor fuel quality in turbines have been solved. He should
know, he designs the turbine metals. He says that Israel has figured out how
to burn sulfur-laden jet fuel with few problems. He thinks woodgas should be
easier than that.
I am working with a friend on a devise that would give the same
responsiveness to a turbine as a piston engine, but direct coupling is down
the road a bit.
If staying with old technology, we need to look at the idea of using a
small electric heater in the gasifier, run higher pressure, and a storage
tank. This would improve responsiveness of the gasifier and the fuel system
to power surges, needed for stop and go driving and hills. The other
possibility would be to hook up a blower to the input side of the gasifier.
The storage tank could be built into the filtering system to conserve space.
Maybe all of the above. The blower (or turbocharger) would also increase
manifold pressure, increasing performance. The electric heater would double
as an ignition source for starting. Could we use a small electric arc for
the heater? Talk about response!
The gasifier should be able to be fueled while hot. A secondary fueling
chamber could accomplish this like an airlock. If two chambers were used
alternately one would be cool at all times for hot refueling. I prefer
blowing in wood pellets or charcoal designed for the task. Think pitstop.
Dust explosion is a real concern with charcoal. Poly-coated pellets like lawn
fertilizer would remove the dust. A wood pellet gasifier should or at least
could, operate with low quality dry woodchips in a pinch as an option. Fuel
up at your local tree service.

Let's save that canister idea for the air-breathing solid fuel jet
engines. Tom I was wrong about the formula for bottle rocket fuel. 75%
charcoal was the published formula meant to confuse attempts. The actual
formula as reinvented by a 14-year old is 55% potassium nitrate, 35%
charcoal, 10% sulfur by weight. WARNING! You have to have the right
procedure to mix and load or you will blow yourself up. These numbers are
only presented for theoretical purposes. Don't try this at home kids.
Anybody needing the procedure contact me separately.
The point here being that all of that oxidizer has weight. If air was
the oxygen, we could get some good air-mileage out of the charcoal.
Biofueled safe jets. Is anything not possible?
Daniel Dimiduk
Shangri-La Research and Development
Dayton, Ohio, USA

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From LINVENT at aol.com Mon Sep 17 10:54:24 2001
From: LINVENT at aol.com (LINVENT@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: How to terrorize OPEC
Message-ID: <113.4bd201b.28d767a2@aol.com>

Dear Mark Polenc,
I fully agree. After all, most of the petroleum distribution is through the
oil companies and so they will still make money. The one point is that if the
US made the national mandate to reduce oil imports by 10-25% through
synthetic fuels production, even if subsidized by the government initially,
OPEC would have a great deal less leverage to hold against us.
The problem is that the US has too many people who are not willing to
make difficult decisions necessary to change the course of our ship.
Leadership is what is needed. Where is Reagan when you need him?

Sincerely,
Leland T. Taylor
President
Thermogenics Inc.
7100-2nd St. NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
phone 505-761-1454 fax 505-761-1456
Attached files are zipped and can be decompressed with <A
HREF="http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/">www.aladdinsys.com/expander/ </A>

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From KENATGM at aol.com Mon Sep 17 19:14:51 2001
From: KENATGM at aol.com (KENATGM@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: The shape of briquetts to come
Message-ID: <5b.1bd26971.28d7dcd1@aol.com>

Hi all:

I have to note that large gunpowder charges for heavy artillery such as the US Navy 16 inch Mark 2 were extruded into a shape almost identical in size and configuration to "Honeycomb" breakfast cereal. Apparently provided a lot of surface area for quick combustion and was well within the limits of manufacturing technology the better part of a century ago.

Ken

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Tue Sep 18 02:02:41 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: The shape of briquetts to come
Message-ID: <149.1bb9fd7.28d83c6a@aol.com>

Ken,
This is exactly what I am referring too. The thickness of the
"honeycomb" is determined by the required burning rate. If the charge was
powder, the velocity would be too high and blow up the gun. If the charge was
solid, the velocity would be too slow for a good shot. What if the charge
was alpha-bits or cheerios cereal shaped?
look at all the cereal shapes, how about chex shape for a fast burn? Let's
think in 3 dimensions.
Let's not forget the ignition surface too. Little ridges ignite easily.
You need a primer to light a charge.
Dan Dimiduk

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From renertech at xtra.co.nz Tue Sep 18 06:55:49 2001
From: renertech at xtra.co.nz (renertech)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Green Gas + CO2
In-Reply-To: <20010918032237.43078.qmail@web14007.mail.yahoo.com>
Message-ID: <000d01c14030$538c5c40$92c636d2@p3coppermine>

Jerry and Jim,
the removal of CO2 from biogas is indeed easy to do at the pressures and
temperatures that Jerry spoke of. New Zealand Farmers have been doing it
for years. Its like the packet cake recipes, you just add the water.
First of all, strip out the hydrogen sulphide by sucking the wet raw biogas
out of the gas holder through a drum full of flattened out rusty tin cans.
The rusty steel will react to make ferrous sulphide. To regenerate, just
open the drum and atmospheric oxygen will react to give metalic iron back
again for the next cycle, plus elemental sulphur and loads of heat so don't
do it in a plastic drum. Stripping the H2S and moisture will protect your
normal run of the mill air compressor before it pumps the gas @ 150psi into
the bottom of a vertical 6"-8" pipe 3/4 full of water, which is being
constantly pumped into the bottom and bled off through a liquid pressure
reduction valve near the top. Depending what you are fermenting, it can
almost come out like soda water. The methane comes out through a gas
pressure release valve at the top of the stripping column and goes on to an
old commercial LPG cylinder for intermediate storage before final
compression. There, our ingenious farmer boys use a pair of old double
ended hydraulic cylinders coupled end on end. One stroke of a three foot
cylinder will take you from around 150psi to well over 2000psi in one hit,
and all within the range of the cheapest of hydraulic systems. You can do
it with one double acting cylinder, but hydraulic oil at that pressure will
absorb a lot of methane and that does cause real problems.
Ken Calvert. renertech@xtra.co.nz

 

 

----- Original Message -----
From: "Jim Bland" <enecon@ozemail.com.au>
To: "jerry dycus" <jerry5335@yahoo.com>; "Dick Glick"
<dglickd@pipeline.com>; "Pletka, Ryan J." <PletkaRJ@bv.com>;
<bioenergy@crest.org>; <gasification@crest.org>; <green-power@crest.org>
Sent: Tuesday, September 18, 2001 4:44 PM
Subject: Re: GAS-L: Green Gas

> Jerry,
>
> Am I missing something here? You seem to be saying that a mixture of
approx
> 50% methane and 50% CO2 can be separated by simple compression and
cooling.
> This is not so.
>
> At 10 bar (150 psia) the boiling point of CO2 is about -40°C (-40°F). I
am
> not sure what effect the methane would have on this figure, but I would
have
> thought it would make it even more difficult to liquefy. Maybe it's easy
to
> compress the mixture to 10 bar, but cooling it to -40° is not so easy.
> There is also the risk of forming solid CO2 at moderate
> temperatures/pressures. A process was developed in the 1980s that
overcame
> this problem by addition of light oil - the Ryan Holmes process. It was
> used in a few installations in the USA until it was superseded by
processes
> that were not so astronomically expensive, that relied on membranes,
amines
> or hot potassium carbonate.
>
> You are right that condensation temperature increases with increasing
> pressure, but to get condensation at ambient temperature you need about 55
> bar (800 psia), for pure CO2.
>
> To get a pipeline quality gas, you will also need to remove water, as I
> assume your gas will have some water vapour in it. At -40°, you are going
> to have problems with ice!
>
> As others have already said, it is much better to use the gas for
> electricity generation, and to sell the electricity into the grid.
>
> Regards,
>
> Jim
>
> Enecon Pty. Ltd.
> 35 Whitehorse Rd., Deepdene VIC 3103, Australia
> PO Box 555, Deepdene DC VIC 3103, Australia
> Tel: +61-3-9817 6255
> Fax: +61-3-9817 6455
> www.enecon.com.au
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: jerry dycus <jerry5335@yahoo.com>
> To: Dick Glick <dglickd@pipeline.com>; Jim Bland <enecon@ozemail.com.au>;
> Pletka, Ryan J. <PletkaRJ@bv.com>; <bioenergy@crest.org>;
> <gasification@crest.org>; <green-power@crest.org>
> Sent: Tuesday, September 18, 2001 1:22 PM
> Subject: Re: GAS-L: Green Gas
>
>
> > Hi Dick and All,
> > Glad to see another biofueler from Florida.
> > CO2 removal is easy and cheap. Since you are
> > going to compress it anyway when you do the CO2 will
> > condense out when cooled some and can be drained from
> > the bottom of the storage tank.
> > I don't know the exact pressure but 150 PSI at
> > 150 deg F should do the trick. The higher pressure the
> > higher temp it condenses out at.
> > jerry dycus
> > --- Dick Glick <dglickd@pipeline.com> wrote:
> > > Hello All --
> > earlier this year where I
> > > addressed the Corporation for Future Resources'
> > > tropical and semi-tropical
> > > anaerobic fermentation, renewable energy solution.
> > > Under our conditions and
> > > with the size of our systems, biogas cleanup,
> > > methane separation, and
> > > pressurization -- if necessary for injection into
> > > pipelines -- are all
> > > economically feasible.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > There is a substantial renewable energy solution to
> > > a portion of the US,
> > > Florida in particular, but also semi-tropical
> > > regions of the US! Again:
> >
> >
> > __________________________________________________
> > Terrorist Attacks on U.S. - How can you help?
> > Donate cash, emergency relief information
> > http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/US/Emergency_Information/
>
>
> -
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>
> Gasification List Moderator:
> Tom Reed, Biomass Energy Foundation, Reedtb2@cs.com
> www.webpan.com/BEF
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> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>

 

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From jerry5335 at yahoo.com Wed Sep 19 09:11:47 2001
From: jerry5335 at yahoo.com (jerry dycus)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:41 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Green Gas + CO2
In-Reply-To: <000d01c14030$538c5c40$92c636d2@p3coppermine>
Message-ID: <20010919130727.37123.qmail@web14005.mail.yahoo.com>

Hi Ken and All,
My reference used water bath too. But even
without water CO2 will rain out of the methane when
the temp and pressure get to the right point.
Thanks for the hydraulic and hydrogen sulfide
removal tip. We have a lot of it here in Fla.
jerry dycus

--- renertech <renertech@xtra.co.nz> wrote:
> Jerry and Jim,
> the removal of CO2 from biogas is indeed easy to
> do at the pressures and
> temperatures that Jerry spoke of. New Zealand
> Farmers have been doing it
> for years. Its like the packet cake recipes, you
> just add the water.
> First of all, strip out the hydrogen sulphide by
> sucking the wet raw biogas
> out of the gas holder through a drum full of
> flattened out rusty tin cans.
> The rusty steel will react to make ferrous sulphide.
> To regenerate, just
> open the drum and atmospheric oxygen will react to
> give metalic iron back
> again for the next cycle, plus elemental sulphur and
> loads of heat so don't
> do it in a plastic drum. Stripping the H2S and
> moisture will protect your
> normal run of the mill air compressor before it
> pumps the gas @ 150psi into
> the bottom of a vertical 6"-8" pipe 3/4 full of
> water, which is being
> constantly pumped into the bottom and bled off
> through a liquid pressure
> reduction valve near the top. Depending what you
> are fermenting, it can
> almost come out like soda water. The methane
> comes out through a gas
> pressure release valve at the top of the stripping
> column and goes on to an
> old commercial LPG cylinder for intermediate storage
> before final
> compression. There, our ingenious farmer boys use a
> pair of old double
> ended hydraulic cylinders coupled end on end. One
> stroke of a three foot
> cylinder will take you from around 150psi to well
> over 2000psi in one hit,
> and all within the range of the cheapest of
> hydraulic systems. You can do
> it with one double acting cylinder, but hydraulic
> oil at that pressure will
> absorb a lot of methane and that does cause real
> problems.
> Ken Calvert. renertech@xtra.co.nz
>
>
>

__________________________________________________
Terrorist Attacks on U.S. - How can you help?
Donate cash, emergency relief information
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/US/Emergency_Information/

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Sep 20 12:33:42 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Fwd: sequestratioon of carbon, for use
Message-ID: <160.1279a48.28db72e1@aol.com>

Hi friends, this is a recent letter I have sent to the Biomass Energy
Foundation stoves list, global discussion for clean wood energy. Tami is a
NOAA meteorologist studying the greenhouse effect. She was discussing
burying charcoal to bring the destructive greenhouse gas level down. Read,
SMILE and look forward to the future. It will be here before you know it.
Daniel Dimiduk

To: adkarve@pn2.vsnl.net.in, stoves@crest.org
Subject: Re: sequestratioon of carbon, for use
From: Carefreeland@aol.com
Date: Thu, 20 Sep 2001 10:12:37 EDT
Delivered-To: mailing list stoves@crest.org
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Mailing-List: contact stoves-help@crest.org; run by ezmlm

Tami,
You make a very good point about sequestration of CO2. Lets look at it
another way. Any biomass taken out of the decomposition cycle, weather from
the actual slow natural decay, or wildfire, is not a net greenhouse gas gain
to the atmosphere when used for energy source. The advantage of clean burning
Vs slow decay is the lessening of methane and particulate emissions in
exchange for CO2 emissions. From what I understand, this is a 21 to 1
advantage in less greenhouse effect.
On the other hand, any biomass energy that replaces coal, oil, or natural
gas in that order of carbon content, is a net loss of additional destructive
greenhouse gas to the current system. I will suggest that charcoal can be
stored in stable coal mines with the assumption that if we produce enough we
can actually put the carbon back from where it came, yet still have it in
accessible storage for a rainy day such as an atmospheric disruption.
There are other factors to keep in mind. Why should we bury charcoal, the
cleanest burning biomass, only to dig more coal somewhere else? The digging
is a direct assault on the environment of the highest magnitude. One only has
to travel a hundred miles east from my home to witness thousands of square
miles of what was once 1x logged forest, or even in some cases pristine old
growth, completely destroyed 200 ft. down into the earth. Then another
hundred miles south and east, you see extensive mountaintop removal, the
absolutely worst destruction, of the most beautiful land, ever by man.
Once we dig the coal at net energy expense (have you ever witnessed the
energy expended to dig rock)? Then we transport it great distances at more
energy expense. It sits in piles leaching pollution into the environment.
Finally it is burned with the emission of everything from sulfur and
nitrogen, to heavy metals and radon gas.
If we could just harness the energy of some of the millions of acres of
timber that go up in smoke every year from unnatural management of land, we
could replace a great deal of this coal, while reducing the emissions from
the fires. What is the figure for lost board feet of timber? We can add to
this equation, the expenditure in man days, resources, and lives wasted,
fighting fires.
Around here in Ohio, nearly every farmer burns off a semi load or more
of brush and low grade firewood yearly. Common practice now with the EPA
complaints about burning, is to doze it into a ravine. This destroys the
land, and the methane emitted is worse than burning.
I am working on a devise that would be useable for the common farmer to
derive extra income in the off season, by clean converting waste to charcoal.
I believe the devises can be rented through rental stores and the charcoal
picked up for distribution there as well. If the market price for charcoal is
down, the farmer will have the option of burning the char himself or storing
it outside, damp and safe from accidental ignition.
It would make my day to see barge loads of clean produced charcoal,
heading down the Ohio River to mix with and reduce the amount of coal burned
in power plants, cleaning up some emissions. The farm economy would have one
more prop to keep the bills paid in times of low crop prices and high fuel
prices.
I don't think the farmers would care what their income per hour was if it
raised some cash while managing a land use problem. They waste that much time
making and watching fires anyhow. Charcoal stores outdoors indefinitely, so
a farmers wealth would be measured by the size of his charcoal pile while
waiting for a peak market price. Charcoal could be traded like grain now is,
for other agriculture products, such as food for the family and animals.
Any jobs lost in the mines would be replaced by jobs created by the
additional farm income, and handling the char. The charcoal devises would
advance in technology. Small generators operating off the waste heat could
contribute to the farmers power grid at times of peak usage, such as grain
drying, ventilation of barns, and welding shop work. Also don't count out
battery powered tractors recharging on solar, wind, and biomass energy. How
much diesel would this save? Add the cost of transporting the diesel to the
farm. Rotating batteries could run them indefinitely.
Has anyone thought of these things? Even old straw and corncobs could be
thrown in with the brush, adding greatly to the supply of biomass, WITHOUT
transportation cost, until the energy is dry and concentrated to char.
When one looks at the practicality of all improved biomass fuels,
charcoal comes out a winner every time. It can be packaged and stored
indefinately, even converted to gas or liquid. Why is there no significant
market for it here yet?
Daniel Dimiduk
Shangri-La Research and
Development
Dayton, Ohio,
USA

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From sigma at ix.netcom.com Thu Sep 20 13:36:51 2001
From: sigma at ix.netcom.com (sigma)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: Attachments
In-Reply-To: <160.1279a48.28db72e1@aol.com>
Message-ID: <012a01c141f9$d1c204a0$77ccf7a5@ix.netcom.com>

Daniel:
I feel I speak for many in the suggestion that we all refrain from sending
attachments, no matter how safe the sender thinks they are. In light of the
W32.Nimda worm and how destructive it is, I for one, will not open
attachments. I would however, like to read your letter. Could you resend
it, by copying and pasting it directly into an E-mail message? If we all
follow this procedure, it may help minimize the Nimba damage.

Good advice: Update your Antivirus software NOW! I am.

Many thanks, and good luck!
Len

----- Original Message -----
From: <Carefreeland@aol.com>
To: <mboden@greenapple.com>; <denny_beckman@yahoo.com>;
<Dave_abq@hotmail.com>; <Dimiduk1@voyager.net>; <donna@bicinvest.com>;
<JBBD223@aol.com>; <NickD@voyager.net>; <gasification@crest.org>;
<HAREBRAIN2@NET.ZERO.NET>; <garyk@donet.com>; <cmichler@fnr.purdue.edu>;
<Stephen.Wilkinson@noaa.gov>; <MScanlon@tandk.com>; <DJDIMIDUK@aol.com>;
<acskate@iwon.com>
Sent: Thursday, September 20, 2001 9:27 AM
Subject: GAS-L: Fwd: sequestratioon of carbon, for use

> Hi friends, this is a recent letter I have sent to the Biomass Energy
Foundation stoves list, global discussion for clean wood energy. Tami is a
NOAA meteorologist studying the greenhouse effect. She was discussing
burying charcoal to bring the destructive greenhouse gas level down. Read,
SMILE and look forward to the future. It will be here before you know it.
> Daniel Dimiduk

*******************SNIP *******************

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From kssustain at provide.net Thu Sep 20 14:01:18 2001
From: kssustain at provide.net (Kermit Schlansker)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Fw: [Fwd: NRDC Earth Action update in the wake of tragedy]
Message-ID: <007201c141fc$fa20c460$2f4256d8@default>

I received this message from my son in law. In my view it is the type
of message that all environmental organizations should be sending.
Developing alternate energy sources wil be very costly but is essential for
future generations.

Kermit Schlansker Ann Arbor, Michigan
-----Original Message-----
From: julie tiplady <jswalden@umich.edu>
To: Kermit Schlansker <kssustain@provide.net>
Date: Thursday, September 20, 2001 6:13 AM
Subject: [Fwd: NRDC Earth Action update in the wake of tragedy]

>This should make you smile.
>Jerry
>September 19, 2001

Dear NRDC Earth Activist,

Our hearts go out to those of you in our extended family of 600,000
Members and online activists who have suffered the loss of loved ones
or colleagues in the terrible events of September 11th.

As you may know, NRDC is headquartered in New York City, with one of
our field offices in Washington, D.C. Thankfully, our staff and
immediate families are all safe and accounted for. But we have friends
who are missing, and we share in the grief that has stricken all
Americans in the aftermath of this tragedy.

I wanted to share a few thoughts with you about the work that lies
ahead for NRDC. With your ongoing help, we are determined to put our
unique expertise to work for the common good in this time of crisis.

As Americans, we must now join together in shaping a strong response
to terrorism. For NRDC that means advocating policies that will
immediately begin reducing our nation's dependence on oil, whether
imported or domestic. That is the single most important thing that we,
as environmentalists, can do to ensure America's national security and
environmental security.

America's unchecked consumption of oil has become a national Achilles
heel. It constrains our military options in the face of terror. It
leaves our economy dangerously vulnerable to price shocks. It invites
environmental degradation, ecological disasters, and potentially
catastrophic climate change.

Don't be surprised in the days ahead to hear some in Washington call
for a massive increase in domestic oil drilling in order to achieve
national security. They ignore one crucial fact: our nation simply
doesn't have enough oil reserves to drill our way to self-sufficiency
or to affect oil prices, which are set on the world market. We control
only 3 percent of the world's oil reserves -- a mere drop in the
bucket -- but we consume a staggering 25 percent of the world's oil
supply.

Even if we developed every potential oil deposit in America --
including the Arctic Wildlife Refuge -- we'd still be importing oil,
still be paying worldwide prices for domestic oil, and still be
leaving ourselves vulnerable to supply disruptions.

Is there an alternative? Yes. We can reduce our out-of-control
appetite for fossil fuels. We can rely on smarter and cleaner ways to
power our economy. For 30 years, NRDC has been proving that energy
efficiency and alternative energy technologies can save billions of
barrels of oil, while benefiting our health, our pocketbooks and our
environment.

I want you to know that, in the months to come, NRDC will be a leading
advocate for an energy future that reduces this dangerous addiction to
oil and increases our reliance on cleaner alternatives spawned by
American ingenuity. That is our very best hope -- our only hope --
for getting us on a self-reliant energy path toward lasting national
and environmental security.

In the meantime, I hope you are able to take extra time with those you
love, and to begin the healing we all so urgently need.

Sincerely,

John H. Adams
President
NRDC

==========
About NRDC
==========

The Natural Resources Defense Council is a nonprofit environmental
organization with over 500,000 members nationwide and a staff of
scientists, attorneys and environmental experts. Our mission is to
protect the planet's wildlife and wild places and ensure a safe and
healthy environment for all living things.

For more information about NRDC or how to become a member of NRDC,
please contact us at:

Natural Resources Defense Council
40 West 20th Street
New York, NY 10011
212-727-4511 (voice) / 212-727-1773 (fax)
General email: nrdcinfo@nrdc.org
Earth Action email: nrdcaction@nrdc.org
http://www.nrdc.org

==========

If you would like to change your subs

To: jswalden@umich.edu
Subject: NRDC Earth Action update in the wake of tragedy
From: John Adams <earthaction@nrdcaction.org>
Date: Wed, 19 Sep 2001 17:06:23 -0700 (PDT)

September 19, 2001

Dear NRDC Earth Activist,

Our hearts go out to those of you in our extended family of 600,000
Members and online activists who have suffered the loss of loved ones
or colleagues in the terrible events of September 11th.

As you may know, NRDC is headquartered in New York City, with one of
our field offices in Washington, D.C. Thankfully, our staff and
immediate families are all safe and accounted for. But we have friends
who are missing, and we share in the grief that has stricken all
Americans in the aftermath of this tragedy.

I wanted to share a few thoughts with you about the work that lies
ahead for NRDC. With your ongoing help, we are determined to put our
unique expertise to work for the common good in this time of crisis.

As Americans, we must now join together in shaping a strong response
to terrorism. For NRDC that means advocating policies that will
immediately begin reducing our nation's dependence on oil, whether
imported or domestic. That is the single most important thing that we,
as environmentalists, can do to ensure America's national security and
environmental security.

America's unchecked consumption of oil has become a national Achilles
heel. It constrains our military options in the face of terror. It
leaves our economy dangerously vulnerable to price shocks. It invites
environmental degradation, ecological disasters, and potentially
catastrophic climate change.

Don't be surprised in the days ahead to hear some in Washington call
for a massive increase in domestic oil drilling in order to achieve
national security. They ignore one crucial fact: our nation simply
doesn't have enough oil reserves to drill our way to self-sufficiency
or to affect oil prices, which are set on the world market. We control
only 3 percent of the world's oil reserves -- a mere drop in the
bucket -- but we consume a staggering 25 percent of the world's oil
supply.

Even if we developed every potential oil deposit in America --
including the Arctic Wildlife Refuge -- we'd still be importing oil,
still be paying worldwide prices for domestic oil, and still be
leaving ourselves vulnerable to supply disruptions.

Is there an alternative? Yes. We can reduce our out-of-control
appetite for fossil fuels. We can rely on smarter and cleaner ways to
power our economy. For 30 years, NRDC has been proving that energy
efficiency and alternative energy technologies can save billions of
barrels of oil, while benefiting our health, our pocketbooks and our
environment.

I want you to know that, in the months to come, NRDC will be a leading
advocate for an energy future that reduces this dangerous addiction to
oil and increases our reliance on cleaner alternatives spawned by
American ingenuity. That is our very best hope -- our only hope --
for getting us on a self-reliant energy path toward lasting national
and environmental security.

In the meantime, I hope you are able to take extra time with those you
love, and to begin the healing we all so urgently need.

Sincerely,

John H. Adams
President
NRDC

==========
About NRDC
==========

The Natural Resources Defense Council is a nonprofit environmental
organization with over 500,000 members nationwide and a staff of
scientists, attorneys and environmental experts. Our mission is to
protect the planet's wildlife and wild places and ensure a safe and
healthy environment for all living things.

For more information about NRDC or how to become a member of NRDC,
please contact us at:

Natural Resources Defense Council
40 West 20th Street
New York, NY 10011
212-727-4511 (voice) / 212-727-1773 (fax)
General email: nrdcinfo@nrdc.org
Earth Action email: nrdcaction@nrdc.org
http://www.nrdc.org

==========

If you would like to change your subscriptions or update your email
address or other information, go to:
http://www.join.nrdcaction.org/profileeditor.
To unsubscribe from Earth Action, send an email message to
earthaction@nrdcaction.org with REMOVE in the subject line.

 

 

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From snkm at btl.net Thu Sep 20 14:04:40 2001
From: snkm at btl.net (Peter Singfield)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: According to the wise men in the US
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20010920115735.00936cd0@wgs1.btl.net>

 

In the following we get to see the real reasoning. The American consumer
needs to spend more -- then everything will be OK.

My question -- where do they get this money to spend?? Lot of jobs going
down the tubes!

Peter

"The loss of wealth in the stock market – more than $500 billion in equity
value disappeared on the day trading resumed – could have a big impact on
consumer spending."

Short recession likely

http://cnnfn.cnn.com/2001/09/20/economy/toll_economy/

Many economists expect recession in wake of attacks, but it could be short

By Staff Writer Mark Gongloff
September 20, 2001: 12:39 p.m. ET

NEW YORK (CNNfn) - Most economists think last week's terror attacks will
tip the world's largest economy into a recession, if it wasn't there
already, but the downturn probably won't last long.

"We were right on the cusp, and I think this pushes us over the edge," said
Robert Macintosh, chief economist at Eaton Vance Management, using language
heard often from economists in recent days. "But I do think it will be
shallow and short."

The U.S. economy, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), grew at a
feeble 0.2 percent annual rate in the second quarter. For the most part,
consumer spending kept the economy growing, counteracting a manufacturing
recession and a slowdown in spending by businesses.

But economists think consumers will react negatively to the terrorist
attacks on Sept. 11 that destroyed the World Trade Center in New York,
damaged the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., caused the crash of an airliner
in rural Pennsylvania and likely killed thousands of people.

"Consumer confidence numbers will most likely plummet in September," said
Kathleen Camilli, chief economist with Tucker Anthony.

Others weren't so sure, hoping Americans will respond to calls that buying
something – anything – was their patriotic duty.

"The crucial question is: What does the consumer do now?" said John
Davidson, chief investment officer at Circle Trust. "The answer will take
some time to determine."

Click here for CNNfn.com's economic calendar

Even before the attacks, there were signs that a year-long downturn in the
rest of the economy – resulting in hundreds of thousands of job cuts and an
unemployment rate that jumped in August to 4.9 percent – was beginning to
take its toll on consumer confidence.

The Federal Reserve's "beige book" report, released Wednesday, reported
sluggish consumer spending in the weeks before the attacks. But Fed
Chairman Alan Greenspan, testifying before Congress Thursday, contradicted
that report, saying consumer spending actually grew in August and early
September.

In the days after the attacks, anecdotal evidence painted a mixed picture
of America's reaction. On one hand, a Circuit City (CC: down $0.25 to
$10.15, Research, Estimates) store in Manhattan was packed with shoppers
this past weekend.

On the other hand, companies from American Express Co. (AXP: up $0.20 to
$26.20, Research, Estimates) to Viacom Inc. (VIA: down $1.40 to $30.00,
Research, Estimates) have warned that the attacks are going to hurt their
bottom line.

"There's a lot of uncertainty about the outlook," said Henry Willmore,
chief economist at Barclays Capital. "There are a lot of risks, mainly
downside risks."

Especially hard-hit will be the airline and tourism industries. Airlines,
stung by nervous travelers canceling flight plans and tighter security
measures slowing down schedules, have already cut tens of thousands of
jobs. Disruptions in the airline industry could be felt throughout the
economy, slowing down the transportation of vital people and supplies.

Together, the transportation and recreation sectors make up about 5.3
percent of the total U.S. GDP. If GDP is already weak, a big hit in these
sectors alone could tip the economy into negative territory.

In fact, a survey of 52 economists, conducted Wednesday by Aspen Publishing
Inc., publisher of Blue Chip Economic Indicators, found 82 percent think
the economy is in a recession, but about 80 percent think it will be no
worse than the recession of 1990-1991. Most GDP to return to growth by the
first quarter of 2002.

"The events of this week make a more pronounced v-shape in the downturn,"
said Camilli of Tucker Anthony. "While obviously this will have a very
short-term negative impact on us, investors should be focused on the next
six-to-nine months."

The Federal Reserve cut its target for short-term interest rates for the
eighth time this year on Monday to 3.0 percent, the lowest level since
September 1992. The cut was mostly an effort to keep stock prices from
plunging on their first day of trading after a four-day hiatus.

The loss of wealth in the stock market – more than $500 billion in equity
value disappeared on the day trading resumed – could have a big impact on
consumer spending.

"The Fed can and will be much more of an active player in the stock market
until it turns the corner," said Ian Shepherdson, chief economist at High
Frequency Economics Ltd.

Aside from a psychological boost, the Fed's cuts could have little or no
real impact on consumers for several months, as long-term rates on debts
such as mortgages have stopped falling and consumers have already taken on
record levels of debt.

"The problem is, the private sector doesn't have the balance-sheet capacity
to take on more debt, and the banking system is not in a position to extend
more credit," said former Fed economist Lacy Hunt, now chief economist at
Hoisington Investment Management Co. "So monetary policy may not work at all."

Government likely to boost economy

Balancing this gloomy scenario is the prospect of economic stimuli as the
country rebuilds and girds itself for a protracted war on terrorism.

President Bush has already signed a $40-billion relief package and is
expected to give billions more to the airlines. The Fed is likely to cut
rates again at or before its next policy meeting, scheduled for Oct. 2, and
Congress is exploring other ways to stimulate the economy.

With so much help on the way, I have less doubt now than I've ever had in
my career that we're going to turn this around," said Anthony Chan, chief
economist at Banc One Investment Advisors.

Other stimuli could include construction and information-technology
spending in downtown New York, private-sector spending on security
measures, and government spending on the military. Unfortunately, these
boosts have caveats that could lessen their impact.

Unlike the rebuilding of south Florida after Hurricane Andrew in 1993 –
when houses, stores and offices were rebuilt immediately, pouring $25
billion into the economy in one quarter – it could take years for New York
to rebuild the World Trade Center area.

"This isn't going to be settled overnight," Hunt said. "In New York, there
will be debris removal and shoring up subway lines, but not massive
reconstruction. People will use up the extra space available in New York,
New Jersey and Connecticut. That doesn't mean they're going to be building
new buildings."

Guns or butter

Some economists think a war could boost a sluggish economy, as it did in
World War Two.

But the military response to the attacks is unlikely to be a massive
invasion such as the Gulf War. More likely are small-scale operations
against Osama Bin Laden and other terrorist leaders and terrorist-friendly
governments and tactical strikes against specific targets, according to
Michael O'Hanlon, senior fellow of foreign policy studies at the Brookings
Institution.

O'Hanlon estimated the cost of such operations to the government could run
about $1 billion a month for the duration of the conflict.

"When you add up the different pieces, there's good news and bad news,"
O'Hanlon said. "The good news is: It's not a huge operation; maybe 50,000
people at maximum. The bad news is: It may not work any time soon."

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From LINVENT at aol.com Thu Sep 20 14:43:55 2001
From: LINVENT at aol.com (LINVENT@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Fw: [Fwd: NRDC Earth Action update in the wake of tragedy]
Message-ID: <133.1deb93b.28db9179@aol.com>

Dear Mr. Adams,
Your comments are interesting and correct to a point, lacking a specific
recommendaton, it is assumed the major point you offer is that simply
conserving energy will not provide the energy needed to maintain our standard
of living. Increasing domestic oil production will help for several very
important reasons, to increase the employment in this industry, to reduce the
exportation of our money to the heathen controlled oil supplies which has a
serious drain on the resources and standard of living of the United States.
Lets look at reality not just knee jerk radical responses. South Africa
produces all of it's oil from coal. Our technology is much better than the
technology which they use and the DOE and many oil or coal industries have
spent billions on this technology. Do we want to look like idiots in the
World Opinion poll for letting a small country like South Africa make us look
like fools for not using the technology which we have and the vast resources
which we are sitting on? Your choice. Do you want us to live in caves like
Osama Bin Laden? If we continue to export our dollars overseas, we will
whether or not they continue to bomb us. The cost is not billions, but
trillions of dollars to the economy and the caves will look good to the
middle class Americans.
For about the same amount of money which we are spending to rebuild NYC
or whatever has been put out for this recent debacle, we can have a synthetic
fuels industry operated on coal, garbage or other low cost sources. The
possible environmental impact is minimal and the fuels produced would have no
sulfur or other contaminants present in current forms of fuels. The catalysts
won't tolerate it.
If the United States were to say that it was mandating a 25% reduction in
imported oil in 5 years, the Mideast and the radicals would act like they
just got hit with a nuclear bomb. We would get what we want without firing a
shot. Funding the radicals to blow us up is insane when we have the
capability to remove their fundamental tool, money.
My communications with the Mideast shows that they are scared to death of
our threats and paying a combination of lip service and actual actions to
prevent our descimating their civilizations.
Until the political will is present to implement the technology and cut
off our dependency, we are subject to their threats, and Americans do not
like working under fear, it is not our nature and we should not have to put
up with it. If this is part of your recipe, get a new country.

Sincerely,
Leland T. Taylor
President
Thermogenics Inc.
7100-2nd St. NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
phone 505-761-1454 fax 505-761-1456
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From LINVENT at aol.com Thu Sep 20 20:03:51 2001
From: LINVENT at aol.com (LINVENT@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: According to the wise men in the US
Message-ID: <11b.4af4009.28dbdcdb@aol.com>

Dear Economist Peter,
My $.02. The economy was is and will be suffering from exportation of our
money supply for overseas purchases period. Continuing red ink in the balance
of trade category. We cannot sustain a strong economy on pure services. The
rebuilding of NYC will stimulate the economy there quite dramatically for a
short period oftime.
A stock broker today told me that the gov't needs to cut interest rates
further and reduce the capital gains. There were people in his office who had
not gotten a commission check in 7 months. The investors had to pay such a
high tax rate on their income from stocks that they had no money left over to
invest. Of course, he did not say that many took baths in the dot com fiasco.
If you look at the economy, the reason it isn't growing is everyone has
what they need. The autos, washing machines, refrigerators, computers, etc.
etc. are adequate. The supply of goods is a buyer's market. Used cars are 50%
of value they have historically been. Glutism is almost as bad as deflation.
An answer: Stop importing everything, gut NAFTA, WTO, etc. Bring our jobs
and money back here. I told a staffer of Senator Bingaman's office (Senate
Appropriations Committee, I think Chair of the Energy Committee) that if we
mandated a 10-15% reduction in imported oil in 5 years, it would have greater
impact on the Mideast than sailing all of our aircraft carriers into the
Persian Gulf. She agreed, but said we have 99 more senators to convince of
this.
Anyhow, our government will do it's thing and like the frog who is put in
a pot of cold water and slowly brought to a boil, will die because by the
time it realizes that he is in serious trouble, he will be too weak to jump
out. If he is put in boiling water, he will jump out.
Remember we were worrying about tapping social security a couple of weeks
ago, now what are we tapping? Hopefully, we will begin printing huge amounts
of money and send worthless dollars overseas in return for valued products. I
wonder what the M1 and M2 are.
Anyhow, Senator Bingaman is a fan of alternative and renewable energy and
has added funds for this which is currently stalled in Congress so we can
pursue the heathens and diffuse our valued resources rattling sabres and
testing our readiness.

Sincerely,
Leland T. Taylor
President
Thermogenics Inc.
7100-2nd St. NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
phone 505-761-1454 fax 505-761-1456
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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Sep 20 22:40:02 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: CO2 capturing and greenhouses
Message-ID: <29.1afa664d.28dc0165@aol.com>

Mr. Taylor,
I agree with the majority of what you say here. I was suspicious that CO
could be damaging but had not heard of any experiments. I just learned to
use a computer 2 years ago, and E- mail 6 months ago, so with little formal
education, I can honestly plead ignorance.
I believe the effect you get using lime on alkaline soil is from the
calcium. Calcium is a hydroponicists dream because of its buffering abilities
in an inert media. I hate to see what happens when things dry out though.
What type of growing system are you referring to here? Calcium nitrate is
wonderful. I have had equal success using sulfur in the alkaline soil, to
balance the pH with smashing results. Once the organic content comes back,
the pH manages itself better, probably with microbes producing carbonic acid
and so forth.
I agree with your observation about Potassium. It is also necessary to
hold water. To a certain extent, the more you use, the better it works,
until the salt index gets too high. Consider the source, potassium sulfate
works wonders with alkaline soil. In soil environments, the principal loss
of potassium is through the leaching of organic-depleted soil. High organic
soils just charge up with the stuff and recycle it better.
I have not heard the latest experiments with CO2. I believe the point
you make about plenty of balanced nutrient has to be accompanied by a
statement about balance in general. If a plant is happy, with the proper
sun, temp, humidity, pH and so forth, it will just gobble CO2. I believe
that very few species have actually been subject to these experiments, mostly
bulbs and small ornamental plants. What about fast growing dense wood trees?
Breeding will also increase the potential to eat CO2.
I would be interested in the curve plotted for drop in plant metabolism,
when CO2 exceeds necessary saturation points. I'm sure that will change with
species. It may be caused by other factors. Most of this research has been
done in the Netherlands, and the cloudy weather there may be a limiting
factor. I suspect it is mostly from lack of oxygen, maybe starving roots in
the media, not from too much CO2 in the air. If you have any of these
studies I'd like to see them. Most are hydroponic studies, not soil.
Unfortunately I have trouble downloading attachments. I don't even know
how to download software, just give me a few months to learn this stuff. See
listers, you can be computer ignorant like me, and still contribute. It's not
an excuse. When I learned this stuff we still used books and libraries, no
money for teachers, can you relate?
The other thing we must mention is the use of nitrogen. In a restricted
or depleted soil environment (same thing) nitrate is essential. The use of
ammonia or urea is not recommended in quantity because of the alkaline
effects of ammonia. Again, living soil, with plenty of carbon the soil,
produces the nitrate from the NH4 and it's Self maintaining. Can we see the
importance of organic matter? We haven't discussed all the other minerals.
Oh well,
Dan Dimiduk

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Sep 20 22:45:37 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: CO2 capturing and greenhouses
Message-ID: <73.1340704e.28dc02b3@aol.com>

One more statement, I know plant growth can be more than doubled with
more CO2. I can see it in the tree rings, ever since the 8 lane interstate
cut through, drowning my farm in car exhaust 13 years ago. Dan D.

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From kchishol at fox.nstn.ca Fri Sep 21 10:02:49 2001
From: kchishol at fox.nstn.ca (Kevin Chisholm)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: According to the wise men in the US
In-Reply-To: <11b.4af4009.28dbdcdb@aol.com>
Message-ID: <NEBBLHHHOLFOEGCILKHEKEFNDCAA.kchishol@fox.nstn.ca>

Dear Leland
...del...

> An answer: Stop importing everything, gut NAFTA, WTO, etc.
> Bring our jobs
> and money back here.
>
Why is the US importing stuff? Because it is cheaper for the US Consumer to
buy low cost goods manufactured more cost effectively elsewhere. The fact
that US Goods are so expensive is a "wake-up call". Protectionism is long
term folly for the US.

Kevin Chisholm

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Fri Sep 21 21:25:18 2001
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: Attachments
In-Reply-To: <160.1279a48.28db72e1@aol.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20010921181346.00d16470@pop3.norton.antivirus>

Daniel, et. al.

Attachments are not only a problem for possible virus transmission but many
list members access these lists on slow, low bandwidth connections. It is
unfair to make them pay for sometimes frivolous infomration.

If you have a document that you 'd like to post for general use we can uput
it on any of the web pages listed in the trailer of each message. Just send
the attachment with a note to the list moderators: Alex English for the
Stoves list or to me (tmiles@trmiles.com) for the gasification and
bioenergy lists.

Thanks

Tom Miles
Bioenergy Lists Administrator

At 10:29 AM 9/20/01 -0700, sigma wrote:
>Daniel:
>I feel I speak for many in the suggestion that we all refrain from sending
>attachments, no matter how safe the sender thinks they are. In light of the
>W32.Nimda worm and how destructive it is, I for one, will not open
>attachments. I would however, like to read your letter. Could you resend
>it, by copying and pasting it directly into an E-mail message? If we all
>follow this procedure, it may help minimize the Nimba damage.
>
>Good advice: Update your Antivirus software NOW! I am.
>
>Many thanks, and good luck!
>Len
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: <Carefreeland@aol.com>
>To: <mboden@greenapple.com>; <denny_beckman@yahoo.com>;
><Dave_abq@hotmail.com>; <Dimiduk1@voyager.net>; <donna@bicinvest.com>;
><JBBD223@aol.com>; <NickD@voyager.net>; <gasification@crest.org>;
><HAREBRAIN2@NET.ZERO.NET>; <garyk@donet.com>; <cmichler@fnr.purdue.edu>;
><Stephen.Wilkinson@noaa.gov>; <MScanlon@tandk.com>; <DJDIMIDUK@aol.com>;
><acskate@iwon.com>
>Sent: Thursday, September 20, 2001 9:27 AM
>Subject: GAS-L: Fwd: sequestratioon of carbon, for use
>
>
> > Hi friends, this is a recent letter I have sent to the Biomass Energy
>Foundation stoves list, global discussion for clean wood energy. Tami is a
>NOAA meteorologist studying the greenhouse effect. She was discussing
>burying charcoal to bring the destructive greenhouse gas level down. Read,
>SMILE and look forward to the future. It will be here before you know it.
> > Daniel Dimiduk
>
>*******************SNIP *******************
>
>
>-
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>
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>www.webpan.com/BEF
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>
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>-
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>http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/

Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Sat Sep 22 14:23:47 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Re: sequestratioon of carbon, Thanks all
Message-ID: <27.1b69d876.28de302e@aol.com>

Mr. Tom Taylor,
What name do you prefer? There is already many Tom's on these list's. I
humbly thank you, Ron L., Tom R., Tami B, Richard S, Elsen K, Ken B. and all
of those others who have weighed in on my comments so far. This is the best
kind of appreciation a man can get. Like an Honorary Degree from the Biomass
Energy Foundation.
I have spent my life observing nature outside a lab, outside a
University, with little instrumentation, and outside the appreciation of
those I can best inspire. I felt the need to jump-start some new subject
matter this week to distract us from the current world events. Were it not
for my dislocated shoulder I may not have had time. Fate works in it's own
way.
I have learned much from all of you who give willingly for the betterment
of the world and may still be getting the better of the info. exchange deal.
I hope we all continue to feel this way.
I am a good dreamer, and trouble shooter, but it takes sweat, math, time
risk and determination to turn dreams into reality when and if it happens at
all. We each have our own gifts to offer for the whole. None more or less
important.
I am happy to take that small chair down and to the left of the fathers
(and mothers) of this field. If my inspiration becomes the stimulus of the
organization at times, I will try not to let you down. My memory, math,
concepts and references are not perfect, and I count on all of you to keep me
informed.
I look forward with anticipation to the coming months and years. In the
mean time the grass needs cut and there's biomass to harvest. Back soon as
time permits. Thanks again, Just get my name right. It's Dan, not Mike. My
Uncle Mike would be proud though,
Thanks Again,
Daniel Dimiduk
Shangri-La Research and Development Co.
Dayton, Ohio, USA

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From kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk Sat Sep 22 15:45:33 2001
From: kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk (Ken Boak)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Stoves for peace
In-Reply-To: <bd.146357ec.28de2109@aol.com>
Message-ID: <004b01c1439e$d965b660$f5ab883e@boakk>

Original Message: From Dan Dimiduk Carefreeland@aol.com

Hello stovers, biofriends,

It has been stated that we could do more for the people of Afghanistan by
sending humanitarian aid than bombs. I wholeheartedly agree. I float this
purpose.
I purpose that the Biomass Energy Foundation make some attempt to weigh
in on the situation as a global help group, by sending prototype stoves for
refugees. If we could get the information to these people about how to
conserve their meager fuel resources with useful demonstration models, they
could help themselves.
I am sure that their will be plenty of cans available for these obviously
intelligent and self sufficient people to work with, and time will be their
asset while away from home in refugee camps.
Send food, and feed a man for a day. Send a stove and feed a man for
life. Send an idea and feed a city indefinitely.
If this idea floats, Tom Reed has my address, and I will donate the money
to buy the first $4.00 production model from India for demonstration.
Send me the bill.
Anybody willing to support this effort? Help with transportation?

Daniel Dimiduk

 

Dan and Listers,

This is an admirable cause and I hope that Western Aid agencies are turning
their collective attention to the plight of the Afghan people.

Long before the events of 10 days ago, the average citizen of Afghanistan
has been quietly suffering in poverty for years.

Following the Russian invasion of Christmas 1979, ten years of bitter
conflict (their equivalent of a long drawn out Vietnam) and the eventual
Russian withdrawal in 1989 the country has been laid waste, and surviving
only on subsistence agriculture.

Most of the infrastructure was destroyed or disabled, and now after 12
years, the bankrupt country, has struggled to re-instate even the basics of
civilisation.

Here is a report describing the difficulties and the attrocities suffered
(by both sides) during the 79-89 war, and there are significant lessons to
be learnt for any country considering any sort of military action in the
rugged mountainous terrain of Afghanistan.

http://www.bdg.minsk.by/cegi/N2/Afg/Waraf.htm

The Afghan people have nothing more to give, nothing left to bomb so please
after 10 years of Soviet aggression, let us not subject them to further
superpower heavy handed military action.

If it's OBL the Western world want - and they seem to have convinced
themselves of this, then a precision strike by specialist forces, is going
to be far more effective than carpet bombing of innocent people.

Ken

 

 

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From lourival at iem.efei.br Wed Sep 26 14:12:49 2001
From: lourival at iem.efei.br (Lourival Jorge Mendes Neto)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Introduce
Message-ID: <002001c146b6$30899640$6f070a0a@iem.efei.br>

 

        Hello, My
name is Lourival, and I'm studing Gaseification aplied to the gas turbine,
actually, I'm doing a modification, as my master degree, on the combustion
chamber of a micro turbine. I'm just on the begining and I would like to
know if there is someting or some site that there is about this
subject.

Thank you for your attention, and if someone wants
to discuss this topic I would like to learn more

_________________________Lourival Jorge Mendes
NetoNúcleo de Estudos em Sistemas Térmicos, Brazil
phone / fax: (35)
3629-1355

From Carefreeland at aol.com Sat Sep 29 13:44:56 2001
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:09:42 2004
Subject: carbonisation
Message-ID: <de.1b3485fa.28e76189@aol.com>

Mr. Karve,
This is VERY interesting. Great information. Very innovative. Do you dry
the leaves well before carbonization? What is the caloric value of the
leaves before this process, as in if you were to dry and burn them cleanly?
Compare to wood and so on?
Are you loosing a lot of heat warming up the kiln/firebox? With this
being a one time through batch operation, there must be much waste heat
warming/cooling the stove down again. Clay and earth hold a lot of heat,
especially in mass quantities. Maybe that would account for your lost heat.
You can measure the heat lost by averaging the outside stove temp and
figuring heat transfer. Add the flue gas heat.
Maybe a large reflective hood would put some lost heat back? The earth
will insulate somewhat if you can run continuous. Maybe close the grate
except where the barrels are+ an inch or so for the flame.
I suggest that you find a way to remove the retorts (barrels) one at a
time while still burning hot, and quickly replace them with fresh full
barrels. Maybe a big beam and pivot type crane with a counterbalance could
be constructed. Weld or bolt eyelet's and chains to the barrels for hooks.
Bee careful with the hot barrels! Or try a pivot system for dumping, and a
shoot or funnel for reloading.
This operation change would conserve the heat built up in the walls,
floor and grate of the stove. By alternating the barrels one would help heat
the other. The productivity will multiply with the continuous operation as
well. This an is an alteration of the principal of the design I will attempt
to construct soon.
My devise will use two or three 100lb propane cylinders in an oblong 275
gal home heating oil tank. My devise will be built to pivot allowing dumping
of the finished char into a quenching can. I am hoping that by insulating
the stove and making a good efficient burner, I can get the devise self
sustaining on woodgas.
You are on the right path allowing the gas to burn off where it is
hottest. Dr. Reed would tell you that allows for cracking of the tars, but I
imagine you already knew that. Maybe do some experimentation with a pipe and
burner system from the barrels. Just by internally venting off the top of the
cooking biomass, down through an internal pipe to a burner on the bottom,
would speed up the operation by more evenly cooking the char. The excess tar
would deposit in the uncooked char adding carbon and spreading the heat.
That is my plan, copy away and tell me how it works in your system.
Oh well, so much for patenting my innovations, oops! Just kidding. I
wish the whole world knew how to cleanly make, clean char. Then we would
have to find something other than oil to fight over. I'll patent the
charcoal burners!
Your process validates my plans. The cad design center in my forebrain
only goes so far. Thanks a million, and hope I can help you with your quest
for the perfect charcoal retort process. I do believe that retort systems
can be better than pyrolisis if perfected. The heat loss is the problem.
Let me know if any of these Ideas help, and I'll do the same when I get this
far.
How about ash? Can you compare to any traditional char made with the same
feedstock? It may have less ash since no burning takes place in the biomass.
Now you are making me look bad for being so far behind on my experiments.
On the other hand the internal venting system popped in mind only recently,
so innovation is still taking place on the mental drawing board. I'm
concerned about clogging and subsequent explosion. I'll probably make
pressure release latches on the retort doors. I need to mow some grass and
think about what you have taught me, that usually works.
Oh yea, If your barrels corrode through, try hot oil coating them on the
first run. Get them to a dull red heat and pour or sprinkle, used motor oil
on the steel to quench it. Be careful of spontaneous combustion and
excessive smoke. The oil penetrates the steel, keeping the acidic products of
combustion from reacting with the bare metal at high temps. I'm hoping the
higher carbon of the propane cylinders will help in my system. Is the process
exposed to rain? Keep the barrels dry between use, under a tarp maybe? Oil
them after use? Keep working at it, Go,GO,
Daniel Dimiduk
Shangri-La Research and Development
Dayton, Ohio, USA

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